درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

After the 2015 refugee crisis, the far right parties are not marginal anymore and they have become mainstream in most of the European countries. The present paper aims to (1) portray a perspective of the rise of the far right in Europe with emphasis on their characteristics specially Euroscepticism, nationalism and xenophobia (2) provide a summary for the main cause for the rise of the far right parties (3) to come to some further insights about their supporters and social base by analyses and review of the prior researches. In this article, we focus on immigration and refugee crises as the main reasons for the recent success of Far right parties in Europe, the study reveals that these parties benefited from the protest vote and rise of dissatisfaction among the citizen toward the ruling elites, however, the refugee crisis and arrival of foreign immigrants to Europe, and particularly Germany, and poor performance of traditional political left and right parties are among the main causes for their rise.

The proximity of Islamic schools with the emergence of Islamic extremist currents has become a significant concern for Muslim thinkers. It has doubled the need for approximation and intra-religious dialogue. From a historical and institutional view, Iran and Egypt are the institutional pioneers of approximation among Islamic countries. Since the early 1942s, they have developed their activities in various formats based on the views approximation of the two sects’ religious scholars. The two countries' intellectual, political, and cultural atmosphere and a sense of leadership for the Islamic world in Egypt and Iran have been the largest producers of thought in the Islamic field. It was a significant factor in theory-making and pragmatism in this field. The main question is ‘How can the prominent meanings in the institutional network of schools proximity in the Islamic world and contemporary Iran be explained from an institutional and policy-making perspective?’. The results indicated that after the developments leading to secularism in Egypt, Iran became the only pillar of approximation among Islamic countries. After the Islamic Revolution of 1979, by emphasising the issue of Palestine, Hajj and the formation of a single nation, to guide domestic and transnational audiences by highlighting religious affinities in the geography of Islam and Muslims guide to religious coexistence. The second phase statement of the revolution is the most innovative manifestation of the institutional approximation strategy that Ayatollah Khamenei, emphasising trans-ethnic, trans-religious and transnational themes, has presented his institutionalist reading as a "Comprehensive Approximation" using previous historical experiences.