درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

The analysis of the relationship between the people and the government and their roles and positions in governance is an age-old issue, with each school of thought and consequently each thinker presenting a framework for it. The people's political approach to governance in the context of the theory of religious democracy is both a product of the discourse of the Islamic Revolution and the lived experience of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Considering the governance experience of these two main theories in Iran, comparing their perspectives is key to solving many problems. By employing a selected theoretical approach and using a descriptive-analytical method, the authors have concluded that while there is a common discourse and approach between Imam Khomeini and Ayatollah Khamenei, the theoretical development of this concept and the elaboration of its operational details are distinctive features of the Ayatollah Khamenei 's perspective on Imam Khomeini.

سواد سنجش معلم نقش محوری در برنامه های آموزش معلمان بازی میکند، با این حال به نظر میرسد هم در سواد سنجش و هم در اجرای آن کاستی هایی وجود دارد. مطالعه حاضر با استفاده از یک کلاس سنجش آنلاین، که شامل مباحث تئوری و همچنین عملی میشود، سواد سنجش 16 معلم (8 معلم ضمن خدمت و 8 معلم پیش سرویس) و میزان استفاده از سواد سنجش آنها را بررسی میکند. بخش کمی مطالعه سواد سنجش معلمان، و بخش کیفی صحت نتایج بخش کمی و همچنین میزان استفاده معلمان از سواد سنجش در قلمرو عملی را مورد بررسی قرار میدهند. داده های این تحقیق با استفاده از پرسشنامه های معتبرجمع آوری شدند، که یکی از آنها از Mertler (2013) اقتباس شد و دو مورد دیگر به وسیله محققین طراحی شدند. به علاوه، از یک پروژه ارزیابی عملی نیز برای جمع آوری داده ها استفاده شده است. یافته های تحقیق نشان میدهند اگرچه معلمین ضمن خدمت به واسطه تجربه بیشتر، در ابتدای تحقیق از سواد سنجش بیشتری برخوردار بوده اند، در انتهای تحقیق و در مقایسه با معلمین پیش سرویس از درجه کمتری از سواد سنجش برخوردارند. یافته های بخش کیفی تحقیق نیز نشان دهنده عدم ترجیح معلمان برای استفاده از سواد سنجش در فعالیت های کلاسی است. نتایج تحقیق حاضر گنجاندن هم جنبه های تئوری و هم جنبه های عملی سواد سنجش معلمان را در برنامه های آموزش معلمان پیشنهاد میدهد. به علاوه، بررسی دقیق موانعی که مانع استفاده سواد سنجش تئوری معلمان در عمل میشود نیز پیشنهاد میشود.

Crude oil is the most traded commodity in the world and its market has great influences on the global economy and macroeconomic activities. The present study seeks to analyze Iran's policy for oil production and export within the framework of an intra-OPEC bargaining game.  This analysis helps to review Iran’s oil policy and to propose an appropriate strategy in the new circumstances. The analysis of strategic relations shows that OPEC members can be divided into two groups of saver and spender countries. This categorization is due to economic, demographic, and petroleum differences among OPEC countries. OPEC members are different in terms of discount rates, impatience, and the urgent need for oil revenues too. The authors of this study have tried to model the relationship between oil quotas/production and demographic, economic, and oil variables based on the Intra-OPEC bargaining game. The model estimated for the period 2001-2019. The results indicated a strong and significant relationship between the ratio of oil production to oil reserves and demographic, economic, and oil variables. Bargaining between the two groups can largely determine the behaviors of OPEC and its members. The model estimation suggested that the oil market faces a tendency towards faster production and export in response to the shift in world oil market outlook. The results suggest that Iran's oil production capacity, the market share of Iran and recovery rates should be upgraded. Finally, the current role of Iran in OPEC does not fit into its economic needs and should be reviewed based on the above results. The study indicated that the inherent heterogeneity in OPEC still helps Iran plan to achieve its historic quota and position in OPEC. JEL Classification: C07, D74, L13, L16.