درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Over time and as the sun rose and set, the meaning of existence became more of a vivid concept. We are here to fill the void in this infinite universe. We grow when our hope grows or grow otherwise. When we think of this life, we find that it is a myth as an ongoing cycle. We  individuals believe that we are the center of existence, where even existence is based on our presence. We are in this world where we gradually get to know each other over time, but realistically as life passes on we hardly know who we are. Humans are unique  and wonder why they are unique. That is, our structure is one, but we all have a single arrangement from  head to our senses, two legs and two arms. But we are different, in all, in  form, in understanding, in our way of life, and even in our decisions. Therefore, the joy of our difference is that it achieves integration. Everyone has the same ingredients. However they adapt them in their own way, interacting with matter and nature, and then finds himself in a corner of life that forms a cornerstone of the basic ground. If that fails, it can create an imbalance that can only be corrected through the balance between individuals. We inherit integration through care. For example, if a doctor dies, another doctor will have to play that role.

The purpose of the present study is to investigate the training of self-encouragement based on Adler's theory of psychological capital and academic engagement of female high school students. This study was a semi-experimental research and used a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The sample consisted of 60 students (30 participants for experimental group and 30 participants control group) who were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling. The experimental group was then educated for self-encouragement for 8 sessions while the control group did not receive any training. The instrument used in this study was Schaufeli & Bakker's (2006) Academic Engagement Questionnaire and Luthan's (2007) Psychosocial Capital Questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze data and Multivariate analysis of covariance was used to investigate the research hypotheses. By analyzing the data, results indicated that self-encouragement training increased the academic engagement and psychological capital of female students. Regarding the effectiveness of this training on increasing the academic engagement and psychological capital, this training is evaluated useful for students.

Purpose: This study aimed to determine the factors affecting Service Learning (SL) in primary school students in Tehran. Methodology: The present descriptive survey research was conducted in terms of the goal as basic with mixed approach, exploratory categorization. In the qualitative part, in addition to using specialized texts in the field of SL, Teachers and specialists active in the field of service learning were interviewed; participants in quantity part included elementary school teachers in the same city. In the qualitative section, the sample included 30 people who were selected by targeted sampling method, considering 5-15 people for each variable, and in quantitative one, 309 people were randomly selected via single-stage cluster. To collect data in the qualitative part, analysis of texts related to service learning, and semi-structured interview, and in the quantitative part of the study, the researcher-made questionnaire were used. Findings: For data analysis in the qualitative part, two analyses of grounded and content, and in quantitative, exploratory factor analysis were administered. The results showed that five factor categories affect the implementation of service learning in schools, which were respectively (based on factor load value) at the following: 1) professional and general competence factor of teachers, with 25 indicators and factor load of 0.694. 2) the atmosphere factor of School, with 8 indicators and operating load 0.680. 3) Curriculum development, with 34 indicators and factor load of 0.631. 4) Educational leadership, with 12 indicators and factor load of 0.0670. 5) School relationship with community, with 7 indicators and Operating load 0.646. Conclusion: In general, in order to increase students' orientation of service learning, the competency and capability of teachers should be improved through new software methods and technology, furthermore, the school space should be appropriately enriched in terms of content, curriculum and educational programs to meet students’ basic needs and to establish effective relation between the school, and influential factors in the society.