درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

This paper attempts to compare a Markov-Switching Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (MS-DSGE) model by including deep habits consumption to a MS-DSGE model without deep habits. It is concluded that the deep habit adjusted model with regime switching is able to fit the Iranian data better. The results of estimating parameters indicate that deep habit formation, together with the persistence of habit stock, are significant parameters. The results also confirm that current and future consumption demand, expected marginal cost and stock of habits are effective driving forces in extracted New Keynesian Philips Curve considering deep habits. However, in contrast with Ravn et al (2006, 2010) findings, it is shown that presence of deep habit consumption in the model for Iranian economy, cannot lead to reduce inflation in response to monetary shock while the amount of increase in inflation in response to monetary shock in the model with deep habit is less than inflation increase in model without deep habits. Furthermore, in response to fiscal shock in the model considering deep habits, the negative effect of wealth could not be compensated in Iranian economy. Therefore, consumption begins to decrease in response to fiscal shock, although these reduction in the model without deep habits takes more longer than in the model with deep habits.

Digital banking (DB) is becoming a popular choice for many customers who value convenience and efficiency. However, it is also important to evaluate how well Internet banks perform in terms of customer satisfaction. This study aims to comprehensively identify and evaluate suitable indicators for DB implementation to promote its acceptance among users. Both financial institutions and customers perceive Internet banking services as more convenient compared to conventional branch-based services. We employed two techniques: The Importance-Performance Matrix and the Analytical Hierarchy Process. The Importance-Performance Matrix helped us rank the identified factors according to their importance and urgency for improving the bank’s performance. The analytical hierarchy process helped us compare and weigh the relative importance of various criteria and sub-criteria that affect the bank’s performance. According to our findings, the bank’s performance was influenced by five factors: ease of use, privacy, speed, human resources, and technology. We also discovered that ease of use and privacy were the most urgent factors that required immediate attention from the bank. Therefore, we advise that Tejarat Internet Bank's services focus on enhancing security and ease of use as their top priorities to improve their performance. This research introduces a novel perspective by switching the typical focus of online banking research from corporate entities to individual clients, this research offers an innovative point of view. Our investigation provides valuable insights useful for retail banking and banks that deal with corporate clients by extensively comparing and evaluating the unique requirements of these two consumer segments.

The impact of health infrastructure on economic growth in the framework of endogenous growth models has been studied in a few research pieces; however, the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on economic growth in the endogenous growth models has not yet been studied. The present article expands the existing pieces of literature in several ways. First, investigating the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on economic growth in a steady-state situation. Second, identifying the threshold level of health infrastructure impact on long-term economic growth by considering the Covid-19 pandemic. Third, modeling of population dynamics and the Covid-19 pandemic. Fourth, modeling the level of following the protocols and public awareness of the Covid-19 pandemic and examining their impact on long-term economic growth. The developed model was calibrated using the information of a transition country, Iran. Results show If the health infrastructure is higher than the threshold level of 0.87, the output level will have an upward trend in the presence of the Covid-19 pandemic. Otherwise, the output trend will be downward. The increasing output could lead to the spread of the Covid-19 pandemic even in the long run in the Iranian economy. At a certain level of income, with the improvement of the health infrastructure, the level of Covid-19 pandemic release will decrease.

This study aimed to develop an internal control model for the Iranian Social Security Organization with a risk management approach. This exploratory study is applied in terms of objective, and the statistical population comprised 340 employees in the financial department of the Iranian Social Security Organization. The data was collected using interviews and questionnaires, and the hypotheses were tested with inferential statistics and structural equation tests. The results showed that the internal control factors of the Iranian Social Security Organization include the income bank system, the legal obligations system, compensation, the financial bookkeeping system, the movable and immovable property system, the financial management system, and check issuance requirements. The results also showed that the factors affecting internal controls are among the factors influencing risk management. Considering the extent of branches, dimensions, various services including (retirement, disability) and the size and volume of financial operations, as well as the very high budget of the Social Security Organization (for example, in 1401, the budget of the Social Security Organization is 500 thousand billion Rials), there are many factors on the controls Empty and effective risk management. The most important factors affecting the Social Security Organization's internal controls' efficacy are the financial bookkeeping system, Payroll system, And Legal requirements for issuing checks.

Making decisions regarding capital structure is among the most challenging issues ahead for firms and the most critical decisions for their survival. On the other hand, several significant aspects, such as behavioral factors, have been overlooked in this field. Thus, the present study mainly seeks to identify the factors affecting capital structure in Iranian firms, emphasizing the role of behavioral factors. The present study employs mixed qualitative and quantitative research methods. From the qualitative point of view, capital market experts were inquired, and theoretical saturation was achieved using the snowball method. After the interviews, research components were extracted through coding. The opinions of a group of experts and managers of firms listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange were used in the quantitative section, and a structural equation form was used to perform confirmatory factor analysis on the research model. A total of 63 concepts in the form of six categories were identified at the first stage, which was reduced to 58 in the form of six categories and was confirmed after the concepts were sent back to the experts. The principal components included behavioral factors, macroeconomic factors, political factors, socio-cultural factors, firm features, and corporate governance. Results were validated through factor analysis in the quantitative portion of the study. The present study can be considered among the comprehensive studies at the construct level with an integrated approach to firms' capital structure. The emergence of behavioral finance resulted from understanding the importance of measuring human behavior as a factor with transcendent consequences for financial decisions. Hence, most behavioral finance studies are focused on observable behaviors. However, the item response theory presents an integrated method for disciplines that work with cognitive variables. Accepting opportunities for new knowledge is essential for firm decisions to respond to the mental views of financial managers. The present study sought to identify the factors influencing firms' capital structure in Iran. The tool used in the present study reflected the elements making up the capital structure. In this regard, the notable point is how the classic criterion of structural capital components can explain financial managers' perception of decision-making. The research results in this area are interesting since we have confirmed a capital structure theory at the construct level. The conformity of the results and the obtained reliability levels indicate that this theory fits the given dimensions well. Moreover, relevant evidence indicates that senior financial managers adopt various states considering internal and external factors at the structural level, which can cause cognitive bias in decision-making.