درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

This research seeks the role and effect strength of accessibility and vitality on urban spaces. Urban space is a phenomenon organized by information manifested in various forms, functions and meaning. It is the context of forming and improving social life, representing culture and urbanization of a culture. According to desirable cities, it is deliberated that the cause of this magnificence is their lively and vibrant urban spaces. Regarding this point, weak social interaction of people and lack of optional and social activities in cities of Iran is clearly observed. This issue will remove urbanity attributes of Iranian urban spaces. The research studies two important factors in urban spaces, based on literature review: accessibility and vitality; using library and field study of Hamadan city to find the rate of their effect on urban spaces of Iran. Correlation analysis and questionnaire were used to codify analytic model. The main hypothesis of the research is the weakness of urban spaces in Iranian cities due to poor access and lack of vitality in these spaces, that is acquired by investigating aspects related to access and vitality. The results showed a positive correlation between urban spaces and these two factors, which control 44 percent of urban spaces efficiency as a common courtyard.

Examining the planning of cemeteries in the urbanism system of Iran does not show a good condition. In fact, cemeteries in the most Persian cities have become large-scale open spaces outside the city. This could cause irreparable damage to the cities because of the partial and/or improper use of the capacity of urban lands. Along with this, historical cemeteries within the cities have been abandoned. However, it seems that urban space with function of the cemetery has a specific sociocultural potential. Cemeteries can be very effective elements in the symbolic network of the city. As a result, it is also an essential element which must be associated with the structure and organisation of the city and the neighbourhoods, not as a waste and marginal element. In addition, exامینing this symbolic space achieve a symbolic dialogue which will result in exploring the beliefs, emotions, dreams, and imaginations of ancestors which means these urban areas need a specific attention. This paper, by using descriptive-analytical research method, attempts to explain sociocultural functions of cemeteries as an urban space, and to scrutinise its pathology through reviewing its position in the urban plans in Iran. In the following, via an emphasis on the sociocultural role of the cemetery, a series of strategies will be expressed for promoting its position within cities.

Defining space by dividing it to inside and outside is one of human’s ways to recognize his position in environment. Architecture is created to response to this need for inside/outside spaces. Design of inside and outside Spaces and relation between them always has been one of necessities for definition and limitation of human living spaces, but little attention to relation of this two spatial realms and poor design of transitional spaces between them has caused to lack of quality in current Iranian architecture. This study aims to explore relation of inside and outside in architecture and focus on condition of transition, boundary and connection of those. For achieving this purpose concept of inside, outside and in-between has been investigated and by exploring cases of this kind of connection (especially in past and recent Iranian architecture), the aims, approaches, functions and physical forms of in-between spaces has been presented. This results and findings can enhance design considerations of in-between spaces especially in architecture of Iran’s big cities. Literature reviewed has shown importance of in-between space design as another kind of space: either inside and outside, neither one of them.

Urban commercial quarters such as bazaars can be found all over the world, from Turkey to Egypt, from Tajikistan to Iran. In Iranian cities, bazaars have very specific and unique architectural features and they have played an important role as economic and social engines. In addition, bazaars are an integral part of the cultural geography of Iran and have contributed to the definition of urban development patterns. This paper aims to critically explore sustainable architectural elements in historic bazaars and their relation to social and cultural components. This paper’s theoretical exploration is developed by detailing relevant findings from a case study on the significance of the sustainable architectural elements of the historic Bazaar of Tabriz, and it debates the relationship between those architectural elements and socio-cultural and economic components. A qualitative methodology, specifically in-depth interviews with shop-owners and customers and in loco observation, was employed. Findings show that the Bazaar of Tabriz has preserved its sustainability both in terms of architecture, by rigorous preservation, and in terms of sociocultural and economic components, by maintaining an exciting daily dynamic and a healthy relationship between shopowners, customers, local administration and the city of Tabriz. The preservation of unique and authentic sustainable architectural features, together with the maintenance of public spaces, such as mosques and schools, benefits the population of Tabriz and brings visitors every day to the shopping area of the complex, thus maintaining a constant flux and social, cultural and economic dynamics.

Value literally means to assess the worth of something against something else. The importance of the assessment of this word in the economic areas in a few past years has led the recognition of urban values especially in their historical parts. It is hypothesis that recognition, assessment, and introducing the existing values in historical cities have a direct relationship with the selection of the intervention approach in the process of conservation and development. The purpose of research, considering the mentioned assumption, is to find a response for this question: How do the existing values in historical cities affect the process of selection of the intervention approach? This study is a fundamental-theoretical research that has been done by interpretational-historical method and the selection statistical population are the four cities of Isfahan-Shiraz-Tehran- and Mashhad among Iran’s historical cities in order to special urban values. Obtained results show identifying and introducing the existing values in historical cities, in past century, has directly been related to the selection the intervention approach in Iran’s cities and regarding cases in which the results were not proportional to predicted goals, it was because of neglecting the existing values in cities and nonmaterial values such as artistic, social, economic, and political values are related to the urban fabric values of historical cities and the removal of physical values would cause the removal other values of Iran’s cities.