درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

The pathophysiology of heat stress occurs when the body's environmental and physiological responses exceed its ability to maintain homeostasis. When internal heat signals or external factors raise body temperature beyond a certain limit that the cooling mechanisms can effectively manage, the resulting increase in core temperature triggers response pathways that themselves induce physiological stress. The primary response mechanisms to heat stress include sweating, peripheral vasodilation, and shivering as thermogenic responses—all of which are activated by elevated temperatures and may seem counterproductive to the body's requirements, yet they operate through a neuromuscular and hormonal feedback system. Genetic factors influence individual heat tolerance; for instance, certain populations have variations in heat shock proteins (HSP70) and ion channels (TRPV1, RYR1) that enhance their heat response and tolerance. Additionally, individuals with higher relative VO2 max levels demonstrate greater heat tolerance, as those who are physically trained exhibit more sudomotor activity and effective evaporative cooling compared to untrained individuals. Furthermore, individuals who acclimatize to heat over time develop improved thresholds for heat stress, enabling them to better regulate internal and cardiovascular temperature stresses during exposure. This knowledge is crucial for populations at risk and in situations where physical exertion is required in hot conditions.

Aging is influenced by a wide range of biological processes, with increasing attention focused on physical exercise as an effective, non-pharmacological intervention to support healthy aging and extend lifespan. This review examines how exercise influences aging mechanisms by activating Forkhead Box O (FOXO) proteins—especially FOXO3, a critical regulator of oxidative stress resistance, metabolism, and cellular repair. By integrating evidence from both animal models and human studies, we explore how different types of physical activity, including endurance and resistance training, enhance FOXO signaling pathways that govern mitochondrial health, autophagy, and inflammation control. FOXO activation appears to play a central role in mitigating age-related diseases such as sarcopenia, cardiovascular disease, neurodegeneration, and cancer. While preclinical studies consistently demonstrate these protective effects, human data are more variable, highlighting the influence of age, sex, and intervention type. Understanding the molecular connection between exercise and FOXO activity can help develop targeted exercise recommendations to promote longevity and delay age-associated functional decline.

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the effect of PMS on aerobic, anaerobic, and cognitive performance in female combat athletes. Method: In this semi-experimental study with a repeated measures design, 20 female combat athletes (mean age: 24.5±2.1 years) were assessed during two phases of their menstrual cycle: the PMS phase (7-10 days before menstruation) and the non-PMS phase (days 7-14 of the cycle). Aerobic performance was measured using the Bruce treadmill test, anaerobic performance was assessed by the Wingate test, and cognitive performance was evaluated through simple and choice reaction time tests. Statistical analyses were performed using paired t-tests and Pearson correlation (p<0.05). Results: The findings showed a significant reduction in VO₂ max (6.2%), time to exhaustion, and a significant increase in maximal heart rate and Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) during the PMS phase compared to the non-PMS phase (p<0.05). Anaerobic performance also declined, with a reduction in peak power (6.2%) and mean power (7.5%), an increase in fatigue index (16.2%), and lower blood lactate levels (p<0.01). Cognitive performance deteriorated during PMS, demonstrated by increased simple (16.7%) and choice (16.6%) reaction times, more errors, and decreased accuracy (p<0.01). Furthermore, there was a significant positive correlation between PMS symptom severity and VO₂ max reduction (r=0.72), as well as between blood lactate levels and reaction time (r=0.65) (p<0.01). Conclusion: PMS negatively affects aerobic, anaerobic, and cognitive performance in female combat athletes. These findings highlight the importance of considering the menstrual cycle phases in designing training and competition schedules for female athletes to optimize performance and prevent potential declines associated with PMS.

Purpose: The purpose of this review study is to investigate dental caries and intense training. the oral health of athletes in various sports is inappropriate, so that athletes follow a downward trend with an increase in the incidence of various diseases of the oral cavity, performance during training and racing. Method: intense training has been identified as a harmful factor in the occurrence of a variety of oral diseases, including dental caries. Results: In this context, intense training plays a role as a negative factor in the development of dental caries in athletes by affecting various factors such as saliva PH and blood co2 in dental caries. Conclusion: In this regard, athletes need to be monitored by dentists, which seems to be effective in preventing the decline of athletes ' performance.  

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the Impact of COVID-19 Crisis on University Faculty Members' of Allameh Tabatabai University Physical Activity Levels. Methods: Data were collected using a researcher-made 21-item questionnaire that 284 people were considered as a sample and answered the online questionnaire. Results: The results of this study show that the faculty members of the university do not have intense and moderate activities. But the general knowledge about the benefits of exercising during the coronavirus period has increased. Other results of this study showed that university faculty members tend to participate in sports activities in post-corona conditions. Conclusion: In a general conclusion, The Covid-19 crisis has created inactivity among human societies. Technology is expanding rapidly and people's lifestyles are changing. Therefore, it is necessary to develop programs for physical activity and health of people.

Purpose: The aim of this research is to compare the effects of three training methods — plyometric, weighted, and barbell (Turkish) training — on the anaerobic capacity of high school male volleyball players. A total of 48 subjects, aged 23 ± 5 years, were selected purposefully and randomly divided into four groups of 12 participants each. Method: The height and weight of the participants were recorded, and their anaerobic capacity was measured using the Lewis formula based on the vertical jump test during the pre-test. The three experimental groups performed weight training, plyometric exercises, and plyometric exercises combined with weights, respectively. The fourth group followed a standard volleyball training regimen. The training period lasted eight weeks, with three training sessions per week. After the eight weeks, a post-test was conducted to measure the effects of the different training methods on the participants' anaerobic capacity. Results: The results of this study showed: Eight weeks of weight training significantly improved the anaerobic capacity of the volleyball players eight weeks of plyometric training significantly improved the anaerobic capacity of the volleyball players. Eight weeks of barbell (Turkish) training significantly improved the anaerobic capacity of the volleyball players.There was no significant difference between the effects of the three training methods on anaerobic capacity. Conclusion: Based on the results of this research, it can be concluded that weight training, plyometric training, and barbell training are all effective in increasing the anaerobic capacity of volleyball players. Given the available time, number of athletes, and resources, any of these training methods can be selected to improve the anaerobic power of athletes. Coaches may choose the most appropriate method depending on the specific needs of their athletes and the resources available.

Background: The aim of this study has been to investigate the relationship between social factors and the promotion of women to management position in sport organizations in Iran . Method: Regarding the objective, this study is practical and regarding the method of implementation, it is descriptive, the population of this research in 2021, includes all the staff of the Youth and Sports Office of West Azerbaijan of Iran up to 216 people. Using Morgan’s tables 136 subjects were selected through stratified random sampling as the sample. In order to collect data, the questionnaires of social factors of the promotion of women to management positions were used, the validity of which was confirmed by experts and its reliability was obtained to be 0.86 through Cronbach's alpha test . Results: The results indicate that there is a positive significant relationship between gender and gender discrimination and women’s promotion to the position of management in sport organizations. In addition, there is also a positive significant relationship between the elimination of conflict between work and family and also family support and women’s promotion to manage mint positions in sports organizations . Conclusions: However, it appears that women are still faced with gender equity issues in sports governance, athletic media representation, and perception in sports. Therefore, the field of sport management should continue to work towards a level of quality that truly treats women as equals, offers them equal opportunity, and permits them to feel equal in sport management and athletic participation .

Objective: Plasma follistatin and leptin proteins are important indicators in energy and metabolism regulation that also affect body weight. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of resistance training with and without blood flow restriction on serum follistatin and leptin levels in inactive obese girls. Materials and Methods: Thirty inactive obese girls with an age range of 20 to 28 years participated in this study. The subjects were randomly divided into 3 groups: resistance training with blood flow restriction and resistance training without blood flow restriction, and a control group (10 subjects in each group). Data analysis was performed using paired t-tests and one-way ANOVA at a significance level of less than 5%. Results: After 12 weeks of participation in sports activity, follistatin levels in both resistance training groups with and without blood flow restriction increased significantly after training (p<0.05). On the other hand, leptin levels decreased significantly in these groups after training interventions (p<0.05). Regarding the main effect of groups, the results showed that there was a significant difference between the types of resistance training and the control group in follistatin (P=0.036) and leptin (P=0.015) levels. Conclusion: The findings indicate that resistance training can lead to an increase in plasma follistatin levels and a decrease in leptin in inactive obese girls. It is recommended that obese individuals use such resistance training with blood flow restriction as a non-invasive, low-cost, and side-effect-free method to promote health and lose weight

Purpose: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neurological condition leading to muscle stiffness, spasticity, and reduced flexibility, particularly in the posterior chain muscles. Myofascial release (MFR), has shown promise in improving flexibility in various populations, but the cumulative effects of increasing the number of sessions have not been well-studied in individuals with MS. This study aimed to investigate the effects of a six-week myofascial stretching training program on the flexibility of posterior chain muscles in individuals with MS, with a focus on evaluating the cumulative effects of increasing the number of sessions. Method: A total of 30 female participants with MS were randomly assigned to one of two groups: a group receiving myofascial stretching training twice per week (n=15), and a group receiving training four times per week (n=15). Flexibility of the posterior chain muscles was assessed using the Sit and Reach (S&R) test at baseline, after 6 weeks of the intervention. Results: The results showed a significant improvement in S&R scores in both intervention groups. The group receiving training four times per week demonstrated greater flexibility improvements than the group receiving training twice per week, suggesting a cumulative effect of increasing the number of sessions. Conclusion: A six-week myofascial stretching training program can effectively improve the flexibility of posterior chain muscles in individuals with MS. Increasing the frequency of sessions from twice per week to four times per week leads to greater cumulative improvements in flexibility. These findings have important implications for the design of rehabilitation programs targeting flexibility in individuals with MS.

Background: The "athlete's heart" syndrome encompasses structural and functional cardiac adaptations to chronic exercise. These sports impose unique hemodynamic loads, potentially leading to distinct remodeling patterns. Objective: This study aimed to compare central cardiovascular adaptations, both structural and functional, in elite male athletes from basketball, volleyball, and handball to identify sport-specific differences. Methods: Thirty male athletes (aged 18-25; n=10 per sport group) participated in this cross-sectional study. All participants underwent comprehensive transthoracic echocardiography at rest and immediately following a maximal graded exercise test (GXT) on a treadmill. Key measured parameters included left ventricular (LV) dimensions, wall thickness, mass, ejection fraction (EF), stroke volume, and cardiac output. Data were analyzed using One-Way ANOVA or the Kruskal-Wallis test, with post-hoc analyses where appropriate. Results: While most parameters indicated a common adaptive athlete’s heart profile across all sports, significant sport-specific differences were found. Handball players exhibited a significantly higher heart rate post-GXT (180.11±9.45bpm) compared to both basketball and volleyball players (p<0.01). Furthermore, ejection fraction was significantly different between all groups at rest (p<0.05), with handball players also demonstrating a superior EF post-GXT compared to the other groups (p<0.05). A significant difference in left ventricular end-systolic dimension was also observed at rest between all three sports (p<0.001). Conclusion: The significant differences in post-exercise heart rate and ejection fraction, particularly in handball players, suggest that the pronounced upper-body and isometric components of handball impose a unique hemodynamic stress, leading to distinct functional adaptations. This underscores the importance of sport-specific interpretation of cardiac parameters in athletes.

Stress is a fundamental response of the body to various environmental pressures, impacting physical and mental health across age groups. After birth, infants enter a phase known as the Stress Hyporesponsive Period (SHRP), during which their physiological responses to stressors are significantly diminished. This stage is crucial as it shapes how individuals respond to stress later. Research indicates that the type and severity of stress experienced during the SHRP can have long-lasting implications, affecting stress reactivity in adulthood. Consequently, there is growing interest in utilizing exercise and physical activity as tools to mitigate the effects of stress. Various sports strategies and exercise regimens are adopted by health professionals to manage both physiological and psychological stressors. Notably, exercise has emerged as an important therapeutic option for various medical conditions, contributing to improvements in individuals’ mental well-being and physical fitness. Moreover, the objectives of this research extend beyond mere treatment; they also involve the enhancement of individuals' physiological traits. This study examines the scientific literature over the past decade regarding the Stress Hyporesponsive Period and analyzes research articles. By focusing on the relationship between exercise and stress response, this research aims to fill existing gaps and explore new pathways for understanding the interactions between physical activity and stress responses.