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Purpose: Analysis current goals at the gyms would answer some of the questions about the (un)continuation of physical activity (PA) and point out factors that have less attention in care and health program. This article examines women's exercise space in order to answer an important question: ‘Why most women have problems with regular PA and cannot permanently benefit from a long-term regular exercise program?’ This was a qualitative study. Method: Data collection was carried out through attendance at women's gyms and registration of symbols and symptoms and analyzed by thematic analysis (Broun & Clark, 2006). Results: Results showed that there were two main themes for women to participate in the PA which can be defined in terms of goals. Objectives called fear of obesity and overweight; and the goals of trying to be healthy and health management. However, the categories related to these two theme overlap but they are different in nature and make fundamental changes in women’s PA performance. By examining the persistence of women's participation in PA this hypothesis is raised; i.e., women’s long-term goals and regular attendance in PA is related to goals created by the health management goals and personal responsibility about their own health behaviors while irregular attendance activity is related to priorities and goals created by the fear of obesity atmosphere. Conclusions: The preliminary evidence of the presence of women in the practice confirms this claim but additional studies are needed to confirm this .

Purpose: With the aging population facing an increased risk of ocular conditions such as glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and diabetic retinopathy, finding non-invasive methods to support eye health is essential. This meta-analysis aims to compare the effects of aerobic, isometric, and resistance exercises on visual acuity and overall eye health in the elderly, seeking to identify which type of exercise may be most beneficial for maintaining or improving eye health. Method: A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted following standard guidelines. Electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, were searched for relevant studies published between 2000 and 2023. The search included terms related to aerobic, isometric, and resistance exercises, visual acuity, intraocular pressure (IOP), retinal health, and elderly populations. Studies were screened and selected based on predefined inclusion criteria, focusing on research involving elderly participants and outcomes related to eye health. Results: A total of 15 studies met the inclusion criteria, encompassing 1,200 participants with a mean age of 68 years. The meta-analysis revealed that aerobic exercise significantly reduced intraocular pressure (mean difference = -2.5 mmHg, 95% CI: -3.2 to -1.8, p < 0.001) and improved retinal health markers (effect size = 0.35, 95% CI: 0.20 to 0.50, p < 0.01). Resistance exercise was associated with enhanced visual acuity (effect size = 0.28, 95% CI: 0.15 to 0.41, p < 0.01) and a reduction in the progression of AMD (relative risk = 0.70, 95% CI: 0.50 to 0.90, p < 0.05). Isometric exercises showed minimal impact on eye health compared to the other exercise types (effect size = 0.05, 95% CI: -0.10 to 0.20, p = 0.40). Conclusion: This meta-analysis supports the idea that aerobic and resistance exercises can protect visual acuity and overall eye health in the elderly, likely due to improved blood circulation, reduced oxidative stress, and enhanced retinal function. In contrast, isometric exercises showed minimal benefits, potentially due to their limited impact on systemic circulation. These findings suggest the importance of specific physical activities for mitigating age-related ocular disease risks, with implications for clinical and public health guidelines aimed at preventing visual decline in aging populations.

Purpose: Today, sport is considered as an industry and sports as a science discipline recognized in the world, requires effective cooperation with industry. The development of sports is accompanied by the development of science, which doubles the need for appropriateness and attention to the field of science to develop entrepreneurship in the university and the relationship with industry. In this regard, the purpose of this study was to design an entrepreneurial curriculum model with an emphasis on the relationship between industry and academia in the sports science . Method: The research approach was qualitative and used a grounded theory methodology and in-depth interviews were used for this purpose. Participants included students and professors of sports sciences at public universities, who were considered as 23 according to the purposeful sampling . Results: The results showed that the university structure, communication with industrial institutions and centers, training of university manpower are effective in developing the entrepreneurial curriculum model and the development of learning in the real world. As a result, to strengthen the curriculum, the need to pay attention to cooperation between institutions and gain experience through internships and contracts between universities and the participation of other disciplines as well as industrial centers can strengthen knowledge, skills, and attitudes . Conclusions: It seems that the increasing practicality of educational programs and their close relationship with the sports industry and related organizations can affect sports entrepreneurship in society .

Purpose: Leisure time is one of the vital issues in the dynamics of the education process and addressing this issue can untie the knots and the key to solving its problems and finally a strategy for planning to fill the leisure time of prisoners in a desirable and appropriate way The present study investigates the relationship between the status of sports in the leisure time of prisoners and its effect on the rate of prisoners' sleep . Method: The research method of this article is a library review. The researcher has reviewed the previous articles in the field of leisure and prison and searched for the keywords of leisure, prison, violence and sports . Results: Sport has an effect on prisoners, and sport has a positive effect on the well-being of prisoners’ and the prison community. Prisoners who exercise have low levels of depression, stress, anxiety and violence among other prisoners, and exercise is a strategic way to deal with imprisonment. Exercise can reduce violence in prisoners' leisure time . Conclusions: Prison has been one of the most important and long-standing parts of human societies in the world. Today, the approach of human societies to prisons and prisoners has changed and reform, rehabilitation and reconstruction have become the priorities of the managers of this sector. Exercise with its educational role by creating a happy atmosphere helps the physical and mental development of prisoners. Filling the prisoners' leisure time with exercise can be useful in preventing and treating some mental and physical problems of prisoners. Sports in prison according to the findings Research reduces crime and violence in cells .

We were very interested in the recent research focused on evaluating cardiovascular performance in young populations. The maximal oxygen pulse (O₂Pmax), calculated as the ratio of peak oxygen uptake (VO₂peak) to peak heart rate (HRpeak), has become an important, non-invasive marker for assessing cardiopulmonary function. Nevertheless, direct measurement through cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) is often impractical for large-scale studies. highlighting the need for reliable estimation methods. Although several such protocols are available for adults. their accuracy in adolescents—who experience significant physiological changes—has not been thoroughly validated. Our study sought to address this by comparing O₂Pmax estimates derived from one laboratory-based and three field-based exercise tests against a standard reference in adolescent males. We conducted a cross-sectional study involving 60 healthy adolescent boys (mean age 16.05 ± 0.81 years). Participants underwent four exercise tests in a randomized order: a Graded Exercise Test (GXT) on a treadmill, two cycle ergometer tests (PWC195 and PWC212)