درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

The purpose of this study was to investigate the level of physical activity of faculty members at Allameh Tabatabai University during the coronavirus pandemic. This applied research has been done by a descriptive method. The statistical population of the study was the Allameh Tabatabai University faculty members in Iran. 284 people were selected through the available sampling method. A valid and reliable researcher-developed questionnaire was used for data collection, and a T-test was conducted for data analysis. The results of this study showed that the faculty members of the university do not have intense and moderate activities during the COVID-19 pandemic. But the general knowledge about the benefits of exercising during the coronavirus period has increased. In a general conclusion, COVID -19 crisis has created inactivity among university faculty members. Therefore, it is necessary to design and implement plans to increase the physical activity level among faculty members.

Purpose: Sleep and exercise influence each other through complex interactions. Sleep disorders incidence in athletes are high among several sports. Method: 24 CrossFit practitioners, of both genders, between the ages of 25 and 35, presenting difficulty in initiating sleep, with a total sleep time of less than 6 hours per night, were recruited into a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial that lasted 8 weeks. Participants received capsules containing 3 mg of melatonin + 1200 mg of GABA (gamma-Aminobutyric acid) or placebo at 10:00 pm daily. Sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), cortisol and testosterone levels were measured and total-body skeletal muscle mass (TBSMM) by Lee’s equation performed by two different examiners. Results: Group melatonin + GABA gained an average of 600g of TBSMM while the control group lost 200g (p = 0.295). Both groups improve PSQI score (p = 0.007). No difference was found in cortisol and testosterone level. Conclusions: Although there was a difference between groups about TBSMM, it wasn’t statistically significant. Further studies will be necessary to demonstrate evidence of increased TBSMM from better sleep quality, with a larger number of participants and a longer trial.

Purpose: This study was conducted aiming to investigate the effect of selected TRX and Pilates training on balance parameters, fatigue index, and quality of life in female patients of multiple sclerosis. Method: In this study, 30 female patients with MS in Isfahan city with an average age of 37.41 ± 7.57 years and a history of MS of 11.31 ± 3.77 years and an Expanded Disability Status Scale of 0.84 ± 1.81 were placed in three groups including control, TRX and Pilates groups. The training program consisted of eight weeks including 3 sessions of 60 minutes of exercise per week. In order to investigate balance, fatigue, and quality of life, the Berg test, Fatigue Severity Scale, and Multiple Sclerosis Quality of Life were used respectively. SPSS version 25 software was used for statistical analysis. Results: The results of this study have shown that both exercise programs have led to a significant improvement in the mean parameters of balance (P < 0.005), fatigue (P < 0.005), and quality of life (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Considering the noticeable impact of these training protocols on the quality of life, balance and fatigue, these interventions can be considered as an efficient and cost-effective methods to improve health condition in MS patients.

Purpose: The activity of plasma liver enzymes is intensified under the influence of sports activities, which is affected by the duration, intensity, type and method of training. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a special endurance training session on the activity of serum alkaline phosphatase and aspartate aminotransferase liver enzymes in inactive young men. Methods: In this semi-experimental study, 16 young inactive men were purposefully selected and examined in two groups (experimental and control). The experimental group performed Bruce's protocol after preliminary warm-up. Blood samples were collected before the test, immediately after the test, 24 hours and 48 hours after the test from both groups at the same time, and the amount of serum ALP (Alkaline Phosphatase) and AST (Aspartate Transaminase) enzymes were measured using an Auto analyzer. Statistical analysis of the data, independent T-test was used to compare the results of two groups and Bonferroni's post hoc test was used to determine the difference between different stages of sampling with a minimum significance level (P≥0.05). Results: The results of the independent T-test in the comparison between the groups showed that there is a significant difference between the two groups in the amount of ALP enzyme in the time intervals immediately after the activity (P≥0.020), but in the time intervals of 24 (P≥0.177) and 48 hours (P≥0.136), there is no significant difference between the two groups after the activity. The results of the independent T test did not show any significant changes in the amount of AST enzyme in any of the time intervals in the comparison between groups. Conclusion: Fatigue-inducing sports activity leads to an increase in the amount of enzymes, ALP, this increase can be a sign of damage to liver cells or heart muscle. Considering the role of recovery in liver damage, it seems that by considering enough rest time, it is possible to help improve the adaptation process while preventing the occurrence of muscle and liver damage

Background : Beyond biological changes, ageing is often associated with degenerative and progressive changes in functional and physiological performance. Different types of exercise and rehabilitation method were introduced for resolving or preventing aging complications. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 8- week- dynamic neuromuscular stabilization (DNS) training on functional performance and quality of life in healthy elderly men. Materials and Methods: Twenty-eight old men were selected by convenience sampling manner and divided randomly in two groups of experimental (n=13, age: 65.8±4.3 years, height: 1.63±5.92 cm, weight: 69.1±7.4 kg) and control (n=15, age: 66.3±3.8 years, height: 1.64±4.89 cm, weight: 70.1± 6.3 kg). The experimental group received neuromuscular stabilization training for 8 weeks and 3 sessions for 1 hour in a clinic in Baghdad. Static balance (by functional reach test), dynamic balance (by time-up and go test), functional performance (by Berge test), and quality of life (by Leiden-Padua (LEIPAD e questionnaire) were measured before and after training. Data was analyzed by repeated measure ANOVA in SPSS software. P value was set at P ≤0.05. Results : The results showed that the intergroup interaction in the variables of functional performance (F=53.3, P =0.00), quality of life (F=65.04, P =0.00), static (F=106.7, P =0.00) and dynamic (F=26.99, P =0.00) balance was significant with the superiority of the DNS group. Conclusion: Postural control, functional performance and quality of life improved after training protocol. Therefore, DNS training can be used as a complementary method for rehabilitation of elderly.

The aim of this research was to determine the relationship among transformational leadership style with organizational culture and organizational commitment. The population consists of 745 the employees of the Ministry of Youth and Sports of Iran. The sample size of 256 staffs was determined using stratified random sampling. In order to collect the needed data, three Transformational Leadership, Organizational Culture and Organizational Commitment Questionnaires were used. The validity of these questionnaires was confirmed by foreign and domestic researches. Cronbach's alpha reliability test of transformational leadership, organizational culture and organizational commitment were respectively 0.97, 0.97, and 0.92. In addition, data were analyzed using statistical tests such as descriptive statistics, Kolmogorov Smirnoff, Pearson correlation coefficients using SPSS Software. The findings of this study showed that there was a positive and significant relationship between transformational leadership and organizational culture (p≤0.01, r= 0.80). Besides, there was a positive and significant relationship between transformational leadership and organizational commitment (p≤0.01, r= 0.46), too. Likewise, there was a positive and significant relationship between organizational culture and organizational commitment (p≤0.01, r= 0.57). However, organizational culture is stronger predictor than transformational leadership for organizational commitment. Finally, in accordance with the responses of staffs of the Ministry of Youth and Sports, it can be said that if leaders create an organizational culture in which creativity and satisfaction were high as well as to taking advantage the organizational rewards and job good conditions, employees would be able to stimulate higher levels of organizational commitment.

Background : High altitude environments can cause a range of physiological changes in the body, and adolescents may be particularly vulnerable to the effects of altitude sickness. Acetazolamide has been shown to be an effective treatment for altitude sickness, but further research is needed to determine its impact on physiological variables among adolescents at high altitude. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of acetazolamide in adolescents over 17 days at high altitude. Materials and Methods: Twenty-five healthy adolescents volunteered for this study and were randomly separated into control group (CG, n=12) and acetazolamide group (AG, n=13). AG took 250mg of acetazolamide. Resting Heart Rate (RHR) and Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS) using the Lake Louise questionnaire were measured each morning and afternoon during field testing; Resting Blood Pressure (RBP) was measured each afternoon. Pre- and post-blood samples (haemoglobin (Hb) and haematocrit (Hct)) were taken at sea level (SL) one week before departure and within 40 hours on return to SL. Results : Significant differences between groups for RHR on days 2, 3 and 5; systolic blood pressures for day 4 and 13 ( P <0.05). No significant difference between groups for diastolic blood pressure, pre- and post-altitude for Hb, Hct and PV. AMS scores did not differ from the two groups except on morning of day 12 ( P <0.05). Discussion and Conclusion : Results revealed that acetazolamide did not significantly induce changes to adolescents’ AMS scores and physiological changes. However, adolescents may consume acetazolamide to achieve lower RHR that may enable them to accommodate to HA, prolonging exercise in similar environments.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in global home confinement and quarantine, leading to the vaccination of societies worldwide. However, some elite athletes have negative views toward vaccination. Aim: This study aimed to compare the lifestyle of vaccinated versus unvaccinated international elite athletes during the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and Methods: From March to October 2021, an online survey was conducted, including socio-individual information of athletes, the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), the Rapid Eating Assessment for Participants (REAP-S), and the Petersburg Sleep Quality Questionnaire (PSQI). A total of 581 elite athletes from 4 continents (Europe, Asia, Africa, and America) and different countries, aged 18-35 years, were voluntarily recruited. Data analysis was performed using U-Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests, with the level of significance set at alpha P <0.05. Results: The results indicated that there was a significant difference between the level of physical activity and eating behavior of vaccinated versus unvaccinated elite athletes ( P <0.001). However, no significant difference was found between the quality of sleep among vaccinated and unvaccinated elite athletes ( P =0.270). Conclusion: It was shown that, despite the unvaccinated status of some elite athletes (49.9%), their physical activity levels were higher than those of vaccinated elite athletes during the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, the eating behavior of vaccinated elite athletes was better than that of unvaccinated elite athletes during the COVID-19 pandemic, but there was no significant difference in the quality of sleep between the groups.

Background: Intense physical activity increases the production of reactive oxygen species in vital tissues such as the liver and causes oxidative stress. Aim: This study investigates the effect of high-intensity interval training and intense endurance training on oxidative stress of liver tissue in immature male rats during puberty. Materials and Methods: A total of 24 male Wistar rats (aged= 22 days, weight= 60±0.63 g), after one week of acclimatization, were divided randomly into three groups: control, IET, and HIIT. Rats were subjected to a four-week training on an animal treadmill. The effects of training treatment in rat liver were investigated by assaying oxidative stress biomarkers. Results: Comparing to control group, in both training groups significantly lower Malondialdehyde (MDA) was seen (( P (IET)= 0.016/ P (HIIT)= 0.020). However, there were no statistical differences in Glutathione Peroxidase (GPX) ( P = 0.463) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) activity levels ( P = 0.194) among groups. HIIT training significantly increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) ( P = 0.040) and catalase enzyme (CAT) levels ( P = 0.007). IET and HIIT had significantly increased endurance performance (both: P = 0.001). Conclusion: Both training intensities did not lead to an increase in oxidative stress and can be used during puberty.

The first report showing that long-term endurance exercise increases oxidative stress in humans was published more than 4 decades ago. Since this discovery, many subsequent studies have confirmed the fact that muscle activity increases the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and leads to oxidative stress in multiple tissues, including blood and skeletal muscle. Although several tissues may contribute to exercise-induced ROS production, muscle contractions are predicted to stimulate ROS production in active muscle fibers, and skeletal muscle is the major source of ROS production during exercise. This contraction-induced ROS production is associated with 1. oxidant damage in several tissues (eg, increased protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation), 2. accelerated muscle fatigue, and 3. activation of biochemical signaling pathways leading to adaptation. Exercise helps in tight muscle fibers, it is related. While our understanding of exercise and oxidative stress has advanced rapidly over the past decades, questions remain as to whether exercise-induced increased ROS production is beneficial or detrimental to health. This review addresses this issue by discussing the site(s) of oxidant production during exercise and detailing the health consequences of exercise-induced ROS production.

Background: Superstitions and rituals have long been a part of sports culture, with many athletes believing that they can bring good luck or improve their performance. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between superstitions and sports success in Iraqi football league players. Materials and Methods: This study used a descriptive-correlational analysis method, with data collected in the field from a sample of 200 players randomly selected from the population of players in the Iraqi football premier league. Two standard questionnaires, Superstition in Sports and Sports Success Questionnaire, were used to collect data, both of which were designed based on the Likert five value range. Results: The study found that there is a significant relationship between superstitions and sports success, with the most important priority related to the component of "team ritual" (5.58) in superstitions and "commitment" (4.58) in sports success. The study also found that 37% of changes in sporting success are related to superstitious components. Conclusion: Based on the study's findings, it can be concluded that the use of superstitious rituals can have a positive effect on the sports success of athletes.

Health and well-being have become significant dimensions of urban sustainability, particularly in countries with rapid urbanization. Community sports affect the health and vitality of society's population. Although planning for city management has existed throughout history, an integrated structure of the role of sports in urban planning to improve the quality of life and health of citizens has not yet been defined. This study aims to present a community sports planning program in metropolitan areas of Iran. The research was qualitative, and was done using the grounded theory approach based on the systematic approach of Strauss and Corbin (1998). 13 participants were purposefully selected from experts in the field of public sports development for interviewing. The final model was based on 6 categories and 36 factors. Gender and infrastructure were the most contextual factors. Cultural and underlying factors were given more attention than casual factors. Among intervening factors, media, monitoring, and evaluation got more emphasis. The categories of infrastructure and planning were mostly emphasized in the strategies section. While, in the model implementation consequences section, cultural and social consequences were mostly emphasized. Through a participatory approach to sports development, metropolitan municipalities can better understand the needs of their citizens. A bottom-up or company-centric approach allows organizers to reconstruct sports presentation models based on each metropolis. 

The goal of this study was to compare the use of sports facilities of selected universities in Iran with some Canadian universities. This study was comparative and data collection was done through interviews with directors of physical education departments of the selected universities. All the universities studied in this paper are faced with a crisis of financial resources and revenue generation; however, a common weak point of Iranian universities is that they lack initial plan for efficient design as well as expert designers in construction of university spaces. Based on the findings, in the Canadian universities the facilities have the highest multi-purpose applications. Accordingly, practical and applicable recommendations have been suggested to office of development plans of Iran’s ministry of science, research and technology to improve the operation of sports facilities in Iranian universities.

The purpose of this study was to clarify and analyze the factors affecting the access of Zanjan province football teams to higher levels of national leagues in Iran. The method of this study was mixed. The research population consisted of 193 coaches and 18 members selected from chairpersons and secretaries of Zanjan province football associations. The sampling was purposive at the interview stage, but at the stage of distributing the questionnaire, given the limited number of first, second, and third-class coaches and also the limited number of chairpersons and secretaries of football associations, the samples were selected through total sampling approach and in the case of class 4 coaches, 108 subjects were chosen according to Morgan table. The research tool was only a questionnaire. The validity of the questionnaire was approved by 12 experts and its reliability was found to be 0.94 according to Cronbach's alpha. For data analysis, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Binomial, and Friedman tests were used. The results of the research showed that among the general factors except for the research and education, the effect of other factors including economic, technical, facilities and equipment, managerial, psychological, social, and cultural, and among the minor factors, 22 out of 29 factors are significantly higher than the average. Considering the explained factors and investment in these factors can help the football teams in Zanjan province to promote to the higher Levels of national leagues in Iran.

This article aims to identify the relationships among components of green supply chain management (GSCM) in sport businesses through interpretive structural modeling (ISM) and classifying those components according to their driving and dependence power. This study developed in two phases. In the first phase, literature was reviewed and 12-components of GSCM were identified. Then, in the second phase, the GSCM components in sports businesses were structured using ISM and the hierarchical and interactive model of GSCM in sports businesses was developed. The results showed that among the 12-components, ‘internal/external pressure’, ‘rules, regulations and standards’ and ‘green resources’ were the drivers and cornerstones of the formation and change of other factors. Based on the research findings, the key driver and components for achieving GSCM in sports businesses are providing infrastructure (green resources), adhering to norms (internal and external pressure), and setting its executive guarantees (rules, regulations and standards). Therefore, to achieve ‘economic benefits’ and create a ‘green market’ in the sports industry, emphasis and investment on these issues will be helpful. The current paper attempts to develop a conceptual framework for GSCM in sports businesses.