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This research aimed to provide a model for improving the interactions of spectators of sports events using virtual and augmented reality technologies. The study population included technology experts, management experts, and sports specialists. Purposeful sampling and snowball sampling techniques were used to conduct 15 in-depth interviews, and data were analyzed using the Geo-analysis method. The analysis revealed 97 initial codes, 21 themes, and three dimensions of conditions, solutions, and consequences for improving spectators' experience. The conditions included hardware and software advances, popularity of games and entertainment programs, strong broadband networks, investment from federations and organizations, durability and battery limitations, and resistance from traditional spectators. To address these conditions, experts proposed developing and improving virtual and augmented reality hardware, encouraging spectators, using novel modeling and simulation techniques, producing quality content, and educating spectators.  The consequences of utilizing these technologies were increasing spectator engagement and interaction, improving the quality of experience, generating more revenue for organizers, attracting more spectators, enhancing satisfaction, and fostering a sense of presence among fans and athletes. The study demonstrates that purposeful implementation of virtual and augmented reality technologies can enhance the spectating experience, increasing enjoyment and satisfaction.

Objective : Athlete burnout, which is a multidimensional syndrome and consists of emotional exhaustion, reduced accomplishment, and sport devaluation, is associated with detrimental outcomes to performance and well-being. The aim of this study was to design and validate a machine learning model by combing real-time physiological monitoring and psychological testing to predict and prevent burnout in elite athletes. Method: We recorded multimodal data for 120 national-level athletes (60 males, 60 females) from three sports over a 6-month period; we obtained heart rate variability (HRV), salivary cortisol, sleep measures, and standardized burnout scales. An ensemble model of XGBoost and LSTM architectures had the best predictive performance (AUC-ROC = 0.91), which was significantly better than that of the traditional logistic regression (AUC-ROC = 0.72, p < 0.001). Results : Distinguishing physiological predictors were HRV (β = -0.34, p < 0.001), cortisol awakening response attenuation (β = 0.29, p = 0.001) and deep sleep reduction (β = -0.27, p = 0.001), with the relationships being moderated by TrL (pinteraction < 0.05). In the three-month implementation trial, the system prospectively identified 68% of the burnout cases early on (median lead time = 18 days); it decreased the incidence by 37% relative to the controls (OR = 0.43, 95% CI [0.28, 0.66]). The model had strong temporal stability (AUC drift < 0.02/month), but there is potential for decreased generalizability to recreational athletes and technology-based restricting widespread application. Conclusions : Our results demonstrate the potential for machine learning-empowered combinatory continuous biometric monitoring and psychological screening to operationalize burnout as a preventive (rather than reactive) challenge in elite sports. The model offers coaches and medical teams’ actionable information to intervene in an individualized manner, but future research is needed to examine menstrual cycle effects and to design cost-effective interventions in youth sports systems. 

Purpose: Leisure time is one of the vital issues in the dynamics of the education process and addressing this issue can untie the knots and the key to solving its problems and finally a strategy for planning to fill the leisure time of prisoners in a desirable and appropriate way The present study investigates the relationship between the status of sports in the leisure time of prisoners and its effect on the rate of prisoners' sleep . Method: The research method of this article is a library review. The researcher has reviewed the previous articles in the field of leisure and prison and searched for the keywords of leisure, prison, violence and sports . Results: Sport has an effect on prisoners, and sport has a positive effect on the well-being of prisoners’ and the prison community. Prisoners who exercise have low levels of depression, stress, anxiety and violence among other prisoners, and exercise is a strategic way to deal with imprisonment. Exercise can reduce violence in prisoners' leisure time . Conclusions: Prison has been one of the most important and long-standing parts of human societies in the world. Today, the approach of human societies to prisons and prisoners has changed and reform, rehabilitation and reconstruction have become the priorities of the managers of this sector. Exercise with its educational role by creating a happy atmosphere helps the physical and mental development of prisoners. Filling the prisoners' leisure time with exercise can be useful in preventing and treating some mental and physical problems of prisoners. Sports in prison according to the findings Research reduces crime and violence in cells .

We were very interested in the recent research focused on evaluating cardiovascular performance in young populations. The maximal oxygen pulse (O₂Pmax), calculated as the ratio of peak oxygen uptake (VO₂peak) to peak heart rate (HRpeak), has become an important, non-invasive marker for assessing cardiopulmonary function. Nevertheless, direct measurement through cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) is often impractical for large-scale studies. highlighting the need for reliable estimation methods. Although several such protocols are available for adults. their accuracy in adolescents—who experience significant physiological changes—has not been thoroughly validated. Our study sought to address this by comparing O₂Pmax estimates derived from one laboratory-based and three field-based exercise tests against a standard reference in adolescent males. We conducted a cross-sectional study involving 60 healthy adolescent boys (mean age 16.05 ± 0.81 years). Participants underwent four exercise tests in a randomized order: a Graded Exercise Test (GXT) on a treadmill, two cycle ergometer tests (PWC195 and PWC212)

Objective : Basketball is a sport characterized by open skills, where actions are unpredictable and dynamics are constantly shifting, leading professional players to experience varying levels of physical and mental fatigue. This study aimed to explore and compare how mindfulness and music training affect physical and mental fatigue in elite basketball players. Method: In this quasi-experimental research, 27 elite basketball players were randomly assigned to either a mindfulness-based training group, a music-based training group, or a control group. Blood samples were taken under fasting conditions to assess the study variables before and after the intervention. Data analysis involved one-way analysis of variance (ACNOVA), paired t-tests with a significance threshold (P ≤ 0.05), and the Bonferroni post hoc test to identify intra-group and inter-group differences. SPSS version 27 was utilized for these analyses. Results : When comparing the groups, there was no significant difference in the impact of mindfulness and music on physical fatigue at a significance level (P ≤ 0.05). Similarly, the effect of mindfulness and music on changes in inflammatory markers such as lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, and C-reactive protein was not significantly different at the same significance level. However, the effect of mindfulness and music on mental fatigue showed a significant difference at a significance level (P ≤ 0.05), indicating that mindfulness significantly reduces psychological fatigue. Conclusions : The findings of this study revealed no significant difference between the effectiveness of mindfulness-based training and music in terms of physical fatigue and changes in serum levels of lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, and C-reactive protein. However, in the area of mental fatigue, mindfulness-based training demonstrated a significant reduction in mental fatigue in the post-test. 

Objective : Given the growing elderly population in Iran and the relationship between physical literacy and health, assessing physical literacy in this population is important. However, there are limited studies on the assessment of physical literacy in the elderly. The present study aimed to examine the cross-cultural validity of the Persian version of Senior Perceived Physical Literacy Instrument (SPPLI). Method: At first, the translation/back translation process and content validity were carried out through the Content Validity Index (CVI) with opinion of five experts. Subsequently, concurrent and construct (age differences and convergent) validity, and internal consistency were examined in a sample of 78 older adults (aged 60–90 years) randomly selected from nursing homes and physiotherapy centers in Qazvin. Construct validity of the SPPLI was assessed by comparing age-related differences and its correlation with age and its convergent validity with the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE) and the short-form Falls Efficacy Scale-International (FES-I) and concurrent validity was evaluated through the its relationship with the Senior Fitness Test (SFT) as a measure of actual physical literacy. Results : The CVI results confirmed the content validity of all SPPLI items. The results of Mann-Whitney U test revealed no significant difference in perceived physical literacy between the two age groups (p = 0.42). Spearman’s correlation between total scores of SPPLI and age was weak and non-significant (r (78) = 0.123). The Spearman correlation coefficients of SPPLI with total scores of SFT, PASE, and short FES-I were 0.501, 0.452, and -0.001, respectively. Conclusions : The content and concurrent validity of the SPPLI was confirmed, and its internal consistency was good. However, convergent validity was moderate with the PASE and very weak with the short FES-I, while construct validity based on age differences was not confirmed. In conclusion, the Persian SPPLI exhibits appropriate cross-cultural validity.