درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Background : Low back pain (LBP) can cause changes in muscle activity in affected individuals, making it difficult for them to contract their muscles effectively and engage in physical activities. Manual chiropractic techniques have been proposed as a potential solution to improve muscle orientation and function in individuals with LBP. Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of manual techniques on maximum muscle activity electromyography, functional disability, and pain in women with non-specific chronic low back pain. Materials and Methods: Twenty women between the ages of 30 and 50, who had been experiencing NSCLBP for over three months with no history of spinal surgery or postural abnormalities, and were able to perform daily activities after providing consent, were recruited from a sports medicine clinic to participate in the study. In the pre-test, the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) was used to assess functional disability, and the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) was used to assess pain levels. Additionally, the maximum muscle activity of the multifidus and lumbar quadratus lumborum (QL) was measured using EMG. Chiropractic manipulation techniques were then implemented in the experimental group, with three sessions per week for six weeks, within the clinic. The same tests were repeated in the post-test. The ANOVA test was used to compare the chiropractic and control groups, with a significance level of α ≤ 0.05. Results : The study results indicate that chiropractic manual techniques were effective in reducing lumbar EMG activity ( P = 0.0001), reducing pain index ( P = 0.002), and improving functional disability ( P = 0.001) significantly. Conclusion : The study findings suggest that six weeks of chiropractic manipulation techniques can induce a feeling of relaxation, reduce pain, and passively strengthen the lumbar muscles. These improvements in muscle condition and functional disability may lead to a reduction in pain experienced by individuals with NSCLBP.

Purpose: High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is an effective training method for improving the aerobic and anaerobic power of athletes; however, the role of activity volume in high-intensity interval training efficiency is still unclear. Therefore, in the present study, the effects of low- and high-volume HIIT on aerobic power, anaerobic power, and lactate response in young soccer players were compared. Method: In this study, 24 professional soccer players aged 20 to 22 who had no history of illness or taking supplements were chosen and randomly assigned to two groups of high-volume and low-volume HIIT. High-intensity interval training was completed for eight weeks. Training sessions included 5 min of warm-up, the main training phase, and cooling down. The training phase in the first week included 8 repetitions of 15 s of running with maximum power and 15 s of rest. Every week, the number of repetitions was increased by two. High-volume interval training was conducted for six sessions per week while low-volume interval training was performed for three sessions per week. After the training intervention, aerobic power was measured using the one-mile running test, and anaerobic power was evaluated using the Running-Based Anaerobic Sprint Test (RAST). Moreover, the level of blood lactate resulting from the RAST test was also measured using a lactometer. To statistical analyses repeated measure ANOVA was used. Results: Blood lactate levels were reduced by 12% (p=0.001) in the high-volume interval group and by 10% (p=0.001) in the low-volume interval group in response to exercise. In addition, statistical analysis revealed that the blood lactate levels in response to exercise after 8 weeks of training were similar in both groups. On the other hand, despite the rise in aerobic and anaerobic power in both groups, there was no significant difference in aerobic and anaerobic power between the high-volume and low-volume groups after eight weeks of interval training. Conclusions: Overall, the findings of the present research indicated that high-intensity interval training will reduce lactate and increase aerobic and anaerobic capacity, regardless of the training volume.

Nowadays, the prominent role of the customer in the global arena reveals the urgent need for proper management of customer relationships. This has led to a new shape of CRM known as Social CRM. This study analyzes data from 384 customers of sports facilities in the East Azerbaijan province of Iran using the structural equation model (SEM) approach. The findings revealed that the SEM used is a strong theoretical model for social CRM capabilities, customer-oriented management system (COMS), and social media technology use (SMTU). Moreover, the social CRM capabilities have a significant impact on customer relationship performance. From an academic perspective, this study helps to understand the experiences of customers of sports facilities during their interaction on social media and focuses on long-term customer relationships. From a sports management perspective, sports facilities should use the insights created through social CRM capabilities to guide effective sports marketing strategies toward customer relationship performance.

Background and objective: this study was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between cardiovascular risk factors and physical activity of retired male teachers of Samen city. Materials and methods: The statistical population of this study included the retired male teachers of Samen city. From the statistical population Using random sampling method, 55 retired teachers were selected as sample. The physical activity level of the subjects was done through the Beck questionnaire. The research measurements included determining body weight, height, body mass index, and determining some risk factors for coronary heart disease, total cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and fasting blood glucose (FBG). For data analysis, appropriate descriptive and inferential statistics methods including Kolmogorov Smirnov test and Pearson correlation were used at a significance level of 0.05. Result: After examination, the results of this study showed that there was a negative and significant correlation between the level of physical activity with FBG, TC, LDL and a positive and significant correlation with HDL. While, there was no significant relationship between physical activity level and triglyceride level. Conclusion: Considering the unfavorable situation of cardiovascular risk factors in elderly men, and considering the positive effect of physical activity and exercise in reducing these factors, it is necessary to take measures to emphasize regular exercise programs and improve their health.

Purpose:  Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease which is on the rise in recent years especially in Iran. Although there has been much progress in MS treatment, there is no definitive cure for it. Considering high prices of prescription drugs and their serious side effects as well as, impact of this illness on function efficiency of individuals, it seems that exercise training is one of the effective, cheap, and without side effects methods, in improvement of the performance of MS patients. In this regard, the present study aimed to provide comprehensive information on the background and the latest studies conducted to evaluate the effect of various exercise trainings (resistance, aerobic, core stability, Pilates, and combined) on this disease.  Methods :  An electronic search from 1994 to 2022 was performed in the Magiran, SID, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases to find published articles. The keywords were multiple sclerosis, physical activity, exercise, training, aerobics, resistance, combined, core stability and Pilates. Different articles were selected and reviewed according to relation with subject. Results: The results indicated that various exercise training with different duration, intensity, and frequency cause different adaptations in people. Furthermore, regular continuous combined exercise training can be more effective than one type of exercise training in improvement and reduction of the symptoms of MS disease. The mechanism of improvement in combined exercise training can be justified due to the benefits of concurrent use of two or more types of training protocols. Conclusions: It can be said that the combined use of exercise trainings is the most useful and effective method for these patients. However, more studies on the best combination of exercise trainings for MS patients should be done in the future.

Background: Low back pain is a common musculoskeletal condition that can impact a person's ability to walk and move comfortably. Pronated foot posture has been suggested as a potential contributor to low back pain, and this study examines its impact on muscle activity during gait in individuals with low back pain. Aim: This study aimed to investigate whether pronated foot alters the activity timing of trunk and lower limb muscles during gait in low back pain patients. Materials and Methods: The sample of this study included 32 men with low back pain and pronated foot. Participants were divided into control (n=15, with foot pronated only) and experimental (n=17, with both low back pain and foot pronated) groups. The experimental group did resistance training with Thera-band for 12 weeks, 3 sessions per week. A wireless electromyography system with 9 pairs of bipolar surface electrodes was used to record the electromyography activity timing of back and lower limb muscles (sample rate: 2000 Hz). Two-way ANOVA was used for statistical analysis. Results: Significant between-group differences were found at baseline onset of EMG activity timing for gastrocnemious medialis ( P <0.001), gluteus medius ( P <0.001) and erector spinae at 3rd lumbar vertebral level ( P =0.001) muscles. Results indicated significant main effects of “Time” for erector spinae at 3rd lumbar vertebral level offset ( P =0.023), significant main effects of “group” for tibialis anterior offset ( P = 0.039) and for erector spinae at 3rd lumbar vertebral level offset ( P = 0.010). Conclusion: The selected training program changed the timing of erector spinae at 3rd lumbar vertebral level in older adults with both low back pain and pronated feet during walking.

Background : There are conflicting findings regarding the effect of various training modalities on the cardiovascular disease mechanisms induced by undesirable modifications in extracellular matrix (ECM) factors such as MMP-9 and TIMP-1. Aim: This study was conducted to investigate the effect of different training protocols on the MMP-9 and TIMP-1 gene expression in the myocardium of Wistar male rats. Materials and Methods: Forty-eight adult Wistar male rats (aged: 8 weeks) were randomly allocated into two control (Con8w/base, n=8; and Con16w/end control, n=8) and four training groups (MICT, n=8; PICT, n=8; HIIT, n=8; and MIST, n=8). The training protocols consisted of 8 weeks (5 days/week) of Moderate-Intensity, Continuous Training (MICT: 37 min running with 65% vVO 2 max), Moderate-Intensity, Swimming Training (MIST: 30 min free-swimming), Progressive-Intensity, Continuous Training (PICT: 28 min running with a progressive increase in the incline of the treadmill by 2% per week), and High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT: four running bouts 4 min with 90 to 100% vVO 2 max + 3 min with 50-65% vVO 2 max). Myocardial samples were isolated 24 hours after the last training session. Gene expression was determined using the real-time PCR method. All data (M±SD) were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc tests at α ≤0.05. Results : There were significant differences between MMP-9 and TIMP-1 expression in the animals myocardium after different exercise training protocols ( P <0.01). The lowest and highest MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratios were in the HIIT and MICT protocols, respectively. Conclusion: According to our findings, the HIIT protocol may play a more influential role in enhancing myocardial ECM-remodeling and fibrosis indicators during lifespan than the other exercise protocols.