درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Purpose- the present study was conducted with the aim of evaluating and measuring the realization of creative village indicators in Nair County, to provide grounds for creative class of rural community, audience and consumers of creative products outside the village environment by relying on ecological lifestyle processes. Design/methodology/approach- the present theoretical study is conducted with applied purposes using the descriptive-analytical method. The statistical population of the study is 33 villages in Nair County with more than 50 households, having a total of 2937 households. The sample size was estimated to be 340 people based on Cochran's formula. Distribution of the number of samples in the villages is determined in ratio with their population. In order to examine the subject in six dimensions of flexibility, innovation, promotion, risk taking, leadership and participation, 43 indexers were used in a combined manner, based on the studies of other researchers. The face validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by the panel of experts and specialists in this field and the reliability coefficient was calculated for the questionnaire at 0.723. Also, the opinions of 30 experts and specialists were used to give weight to indicators and indexers of the creative village through Swara weighting technique during two stages. The results show that, the average indices of creative village are not in a favorable situation. Findings- the results of single sample t-test indicated that, the total average of the creative village indicator was 2.993 and rural creativity in the study area is at a weak level and is vulnerable. The results of CODAS technique from the leveling of 33 villages showed that, 2 villages are at the optimal level and 17 villages are at the weak level. Among them, the villages of Golestan and Saqqechi were in the highest level and the villages of Qare Tape and Meymand were in the lowest level of creativity. Originality/value- In the present study, the rural creativity was examined from the viewpoints of both local community and experts using various techniques. And through several referring to experts and specialists, the importance of each index and their prioritization were checked and their accuracy was ensured. Also, most of the conducted studies have examined rural creativity in the field of tourism, while the present study has investigated rural creativity and its realization in general and in all fields.

In world economic process, tourism plays a critical role and is deemed as a main element of development. One of mostly-used types of tourism is the urban tourism as the beginning of development of this industry, and attracts many tourists per year. This paper studies the urban tourism importance, then the role of urban tourism planning in metropolitan Tehran. The main purpose of this research is the analysis and recognition of position of tourism industry in economic growth and income resources of Tehran. The current research is practical in goal, and descriptive- inferential in the research performance methodology, and the data was collected using the documentary and questionnaire method. Statistical population of this research includes Tehran inhabitants among whom the researcher- organized questionnaire was distributed and collected. Using Cochran Formula, 384 people was chosen as sample of statistical population, and data was analyzed and the statistical tests were used by applying SPSS software. The results indicated that planning for attraction of more tourists and increase of their duration can be effective on economic development of Tehran. In this research, tourism industry includes two important factors, infrastructures and advertisement, which shall be considered as main priority and seriously pursued in Tehran tourism planning

Natural law-based self-defense draws its moral force given that it is used in the presence of an immediate threat, giving the defender government no time for deliberation and placing them in a dreadful situation where they must choose between using force in self-defense or losing their lives. The self-defense right is an essential human right that has existed and been recognised throughout history. It is accessible to both individuals and, as states formed, to states as sovereign entities. Self-defense confines rather than widens the area for public officials' discretion, unlike other criminal justice systems that fulfil important political purposes. It rejects public interest and public justification in favour of private ones. The problem to be investigated in this article is the right of self-defense can still be imposed by the state at the same time preserving the natural law in the country.  This article will analyse the view of the right to self-defense and jurisprudential analysis of the right to self-defense. The study is qualitative doctrinal research that derives its data from library-based sources. The article suggests that the state has the power to suspend our right to self-defense but certainly not extinguish it. A state may take away this natural law because of the welfare and safety of society. However, when facing immediate threat, natural law will be preserved as the State can't guarantee our safety is imminent