درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Historical fabric of Arak, as one of the most important inorganic cities in urbanization history of Iran, has been implemented from the beginning based on predetermined plan and project. During the age that majority of cities in Iran used to be created organically and gradually based on public needs, all steps of construction of Arak City including spatial organization, physical structure, communicative network system, activity distribution pattern and composition of urban elements were firstly designed and then implemented. The main objective of this study is to identify and analyze the physical features of monuments of Arak city to discover the behavioral system of monuments with the composition features standard. According to the research objective, the method applied is descriptive, analytical and comparative method based on field and library investigations. In this study, first architectural composition features including scale, proportion, hierarchy, axis, focus point, composition center, modulus, flexibility, rhythm and geometry are analyzed in each monument. Then, the monuments were classified in sub-factors of each composition feature and then, through comparing the classified groups, common features of monuments in each sub-factor with most frequency are extracted. The results obtained from the study showed existence of unit behavioral system in special groups of monuments compared to architectural composition features leading to typology of Arak’s historical monuments.

One of the aims of spatial political management is to increase access to social and economic services to all residents in an area in order to enhance their satisfaction. There is a great space in the action that has a broad scope. If the spatial political organization implemented in a country is unable to organize such services in a condensed manner, it will face reduced efficiency and lack of satisfaction of its residents of their access to economic, socio- cultural services, so it will lose its political authority before its residents. The distance between the rural- urban centers of the Great Khorasan province to its capital (Mashhad) along with its consequent complications have always been one of the problems of this Great province before conducting the political divisions of the province in 2004. One of the most significant purposes of assigning the law of the state divisions in the province has been to lower its physical distance to the political center of the province and to increase the socio- economic facilities provided to raise its inhabitants’ satisfaction. The present reearch was conducted using a descriptive- analytric approach to analyze the effects ofthe state’s divisions and to increase the effect of the political centers (Birjand and Bojnord) on thesatisfaction level in terms of economic, socio- cutural needs of the citizens in the North Khorasan province. The resultsshowed that reducing thedistance created in the political divisions of the province and adjacency of the urban rural centers to the political sites in the province has failed satisfying the satisfaction of the local residents of these areas.

Providing climatic data like temperature in good spatial resolution is a key requirement for many geographical, ecological and bioclimatic research. With this in mind, various related studies use thermal remote sensing images as auxiliary data to enhance the air temperature interpolation outcomes. That’s while normally summer season images are used as auxiliary data and less attention has been paid to winter season acquired images which are often covered by snowy areas. With this in mind, the Snow Covered Area (SCA) extent impacts on air temperature interpolation were investigated. The data used were temperature data and four Landsat thermal images of December 1986 and 1999. To calculate the area of snow cover, band combination and NDSI index were used. Results show that Thermal Co-Kriging (TCK) of December 1986 provide better results with more snow affected thermal image. While in 1999 although different results were obtained but the best selected output did not show impacts of different snow cover area. These results revealed that probably the SCA extent threshold could be different and could be found with more research. Finally, we know that number of our observation stations are too low and considering the Kriging requirements like normal distribution and stationarity are toilsome but we should consider that this problem exists in the regions with low density of gauges and should find a way to enhance the air temperature interpolation in these cases. At the end, using high resolution, Landsat thermal bands improve our ability to explain and visualize local temperature variability into a variety of applications such as deriving temperature dependent climatic variables, species distribution modelling and assessments of fire risk.