درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Purpose- The administration and policy-making have long been a principle to impact the sustainable development of rural areas. One of the most critical factors that ensure the achievement of an organization's goals is the structure design of the organization. The present research examines the influential factors in the organizational structure of rural development management in Guilan Province. The study analyzed the role of rural governance indicators and inter-organizational coordination in realizing the coordinated management of rural development. Ultimately, it proposed an executive strategy to realize the coordinated management of rural development planning in Guilan Province.Design/methodology/approach- Based on Morgan's table, a sample size of 81 individuals with roles like specialist, expert, manager and employee of different organizations in Giulan Province, professors and graduate students of geography and rural planning were randomly and systematically selected. Data collection was done using a researcher-made questionnaire. The professors confirmed the validity of the questionnaire, and the reliability was determined with Cronbach's alpha, with a value of 0.82.Finding- This research is an applied study in terms of the purpose; In terms of nature, it is descriptive-analytical and quantitative-qualitative in terms of methodology. The data obtained from 37 items were analyzed using SPSS statistical software to provide solutions based on seven leading indicators of rural governance and five indicators of inter-organizational coordination. The research findings show that the model based on rural governance indicators and inter-organizational coordination mainly consists of coordinating, obliging and responsive indicators to realize the coordinated management of rural development planning.Practical implications- To this end, the establishment of a "coordinated management council for rural development planning of Giulan Province under the supervision of the governor” is proposed.

The regionalisation of international trade rules represents a significant evolution in the global trading system, characterized by the increasing prevalence of regional trading agreements (RTAs) alongside multilateral frameworks like the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). These arrangements aim to enhance trade relations and reduce barriers within specific regions, reflecting localized approaches to trade liberalization. Different regional trade agreements may have conflicting rules and standards, leading to a fragmented global trading system. This can create barriers for countries outside these agreements, making it harder for them to access markets. This paper aims to explore the regionalisation of international trade rules, examining the development and impact of various regional trading arrangements (RTAs) within the framework of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). A doctrinal method is used in articles which discuss the regionalization of international trade rules and the impact of various regional trading arrangements (RTAs) within the framework of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). The research found that the increase in regionalization of international trade rules has transformed the global trade landscape. Despite their benefit, the interconnectedness of numerous trade agreements can lead to complexity and inefficiencies that can weaken the multilateral trading system.