درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Purpose - The ecological crisis of Lake Urmia began in 1995, and its critical state was announced in 2014. Previous studies have demonstrated that farmers and water management in agriculture sector are the main contributors to the crisis. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the role of neoliberalization in water financing, commodification, and privatization programs in reducing the water level of Lake Urmia. Design/methodology/approach - This research is descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The method of data collection is also documentary and field interviews. The documents include the laws of First Plans (1990) to the Fifth (2011) of the Islamic Republic of Iran, the Fair Water Distribution Acts (1982), and the Provincial Agricultural, and Water Development Documents. The documentary analysis approach corresponds to the interpretive analysis paradigm of information analysis. Findings - What the represented results and the discussions indicate is that when politics and economics are together (as it always is today), separation becomes a neoliberal trick to restore order and self-preservation, and it causes, “The separation of the elements of water, the exploiter, the private interest from the public interest, and from each other”. In this way, by using fake tricks in the name of development and protection, it uses the environment and water resources to gain legitimacy and capital accumulation and transfers the costs of these conspiracies to the environment and the water source. Original/value- Nevertheless, it seems that the policies of structural adjustment and implementation of programs in different governments have created different "separations" and they have imposed enormous environmental costs on water resources.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the level of attention to the environmental crisis issue in elementary school textbooks. The method is Shannon entropy. The unit of analysis contains texts, activities, and images that 3961 pages were totally reviewed. The statistical population consisted of elementary school books and all of them were selected as samples. The components and indicators of the environmental crisis were extracted from documents and earlier sources and checked out in the books. The research content validity was obtained using CVR which was 0.90 and confirmed, and the reliability was 0.98 based on the agreement coefficient. Findings have shown that in elementary books, a total of 68 cases were referred to the environmental crisis; 19 cases were related to the soil crisis, 18 cases were related to water, 18 of them were related to noise crisis and 13 subjects were related to air crisis. Also, the highest coefficient of importance was related to the soil crisis component (0.411) and the lowest coefficient of importance was related to the air crisis component (0.204). Among the textbooks; science books dealt with the environmental crisis more than any other book. In the next place were the Farsi books (reading) and finally the social studies books. No other cases for the attention to the environmental crisis were observed in the other elementary school textbooks.