درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

This article provides an overview of natural phonological processes in the dialect of Sistani Persian spoken in Iranian Sistan, and reviews theoretical implications of these processes. A representative selection of processes in the language is examined in reference to conditioning by surrounding segments and conditioning in reference to syllable structure. While assimilation and dissimilation are tied to segmental context, deletion, epenthesis and metathesis are considered in light of syllable structure requirements. Synchronically, natural processes include those that are of an allophonic nature as well as those which involve morphophonological alternation. The description of these phenomena is corroborated by a discussion of the application of natural processes in diachronic changes. The authors show that, in some cases, the Sonority Sequencing Principle (SSP) is violated in Sistani Persian. This phenomenon is attributed not to language-internal factors, but rather to the generalization of marked structures as a result of interference from Standard Persian.

The aim of the present paper is to study the status of the short vowels /i/ and /u/ in five selected Iranian Balochi dialects. These dialects are spoken in Sistan (SI), Saravan (SA), Khash (KH), Iranshahr (IR), and Chabahar (CH) regions located in province Sistan va Baluchestan in the southeast of Iran. This study investigates whether these two vowels have the same qualities as the short /i/ and /u/ do in the Common Balochi inventory (i, iː, u, uː, a, aː, eː, oː). The Common Balochi inventory is the vowel system represented generally for Balochi language, which is a North-Western Iranian language, a sub-branch of the Indo-Iranian family. The data for this survey are gathered from villages, rural areas, and cities in these regions in the forms of free speech and verbal elicitation from more than 20 literate and non-literate male and female language consultants, 2 males and 2 females for each dialect. The investigation reveals that the short /i/ and /u/ show strong tendencies towards a lower position. This study suggests phonemic systems in which the short /i/ is modified to short /e/ in all dialects, but /u/ is modified to /o/ only in SI, SA, and CH; the lowering of the short /u/ to short /o/ in KH and IR may still be in the transition stage. It is possible that Persian, as the dominant language has had its influence on these dialects causing a lowering tendency in the two vowels under study.

Some engravings are meant to be adored and some possibly abhorred. Teacher cognition, as a meant-to-be-praised engraving, is defined by Borg (2003, p. 81) as “the unobservable cognitive dimension of teaching what teachers know, believe, and think.” This concept in teaching has recently gained momentum meaning that teachers learn so much about their teaching through the vast experience they have gathered as learners (Nespor, 1987). A teacher’s idea about teaching and the methodologies employed is largely shaped by his/her cognition about the whole story of teaching. In this study, through a structured questionnaire, some open-ended questions, and a thorough interview, the researchers tried to delve into some deep-rooted beliefs and teaching conceptions of six EFL teachers, which had led them to decide on delicate issues in the classroom. This was done with the intention to unravel the mysteries in their practice and to see if there was a way out. A few not-so-much-spotted problems are traced and a general panorama of what is going on in classes based on teachers’ cognition are depicted. Some implications and areas of research on teacher cognition are introduced at the end.

مطالعات مبتنی بر دیدگاه اجتماعی – فرهنگی که به بررسی چگونگی توسعه کاربرد شناسی زبان بینابین می پردازند به تازگی توجه پژوهشگران حیطه اکتساب و آموزش زبان دوم را به خود جلب نموده و در این میان نقش مفاهیمی چون «همیاری»و « حیطه تحول تدریجی» در توسعه کاربرد شناسی زبان بینابین از جمله زمینه های در خور توجه است. مطالعه حاضر به بررسی میزان اثرگذاری کمک همیاران ارشد در حیطه تحول تدریجی ، همیاران هم سطح ، ونیز آموزگاران بدون توجه به حیطه تحول تدریجی بر توسعه کاربرد شناسی زبان می پردازد. در این مطالعه هشتاد و پنج دانشجوی رشته زبان انگلیسی شرکت نموده اند که از این تعداد 27 نفر مرد و 58 نفر زن بودند که در قالب سه گروه گواه و یک گروه کنترل قرار گرفتند. شرکت کنندگان گروه های گواه یا به یکی از روشهای همیاری مستقیم و غیرمستقیم در حیطه تحول تدریجی توسط همیاران ارشد خود و یا توسط همیاران هم سطح خود و بدون توجه به حیطه تحول تدریجی در انجام فعالیتهای زبانی یاری می شدند. شرکت کنندگان گروه کنترل نیز کمک های معلم خویش را که بدون توجه به حیطه تحول تدریجی آنان ارایه می شد دریافت می کردند. این مطالعه نشان می دهد که کمک و همیاری مستقیم و غیرمستقیم همیاران ارشد در حیطه تحول تدریجی زبان آموزان نسبت به دو نوع دیگر همیاری که بدون توجه به حیطه تحول تدریجی از طرف همیاران هم سطح و معلم ارایه می شد در توسعه کاربرد شناسی زبان بینابین نقش موثرتری دارد . کمک همیاران هم سطح نیز پس از همیاری مستقیم و غیر مستقیم همیاران ارشد در رتبه سوم تاثیر گذاری بر توسعه کاربرد شناسی زبان بینابین و تشکیل حیطه تحول تدریجی قرار می گیرد. یافته های تحقیق حاکی از آن است که اشکال مختلف همیاری به طور نسبی در توسعه کاربرد شناسی زبان بینابین زبان آموزان انگلیسی موثر می باشد.