محبوبه عارفی

هدف این پژوهش مدلی از برنامه درسی کارآفرینی در مدرسه برای کودکان کار بود. روش کیفی (تئوری زمینه ای) بود. داده ها از طریق 20 مصاحبه نیمه ساختاریافته با اساتید انتخاب شده به روش نمونه گیری هدفمند جمع آوری شد. داده ها در سه مرحله تحلیل و تحلیل قرار گرفت. مدلی شامل 5 بعد، 12 دسته اصلی و 28 زیرمجموعه ارائه و با چک کردن اعضا اعتبار سنجی شد. دسته بندی ها به شرح زیر شرایط است: علی (اقتصاد پایه، جامعه کارآفرینی، تغییر ماهیت شغل، دسترسی سریع به شغل، دیدگاه پویا به شغل، دانش، قابلیت تخریب مهارت ها). شرایط زیربنایی (شبکه سازی، سرمایه فکری در هم تنیده، دانش در هم تنیده، ادغام). عوامل مداخله گر (پذیرش کارآفرینی، نگاه توطئه آمیز، مداخله سیاسی نامناسب، دیدگاه کجااندیشانه نسبت به کارآفرینی، تعصب علیه). راهبردها (آموزش پویا، آموزش بین رشته ای، آموزش مدرسه، آموزش موضوعی، آموزش تک بعدی). پیامدها (ترویج تفکر و نگرش کارآفرینی، مفهوم سازی کارآفرینی، تفکر مولد، تفکر چند بعدی، مشارکت در کاهش مصرف، کاهش مصرف کودکان کار). یک برنامه درسی جامع که تمام جنبه های حوزه، محیط، فناوری و اطلاعات مربوط به کودکان کار را پوشش می دهد به عنوان یک مقوله مرکزی شناسایی می شود. مفهوم سازی کارآفرینی، تفکر مولد، تفکر چند بعدی، مشارکت کودکان کار، کاهش فقر، کاهش کار کودکان. یک برنامه درسی جامع که تمام جنبه های حوزه، محیط، فناوری و اطلاعات مربوط به کودکان کار را پوشش می دهد به عنوان یک مقوله مرکزی شناسایی می شود. مفهوم سازی کارآفرینی، تفکر مولد، تفکر چند بعدی، مشارکت کودکان کار، کاهش فقر، کاهش کار کودکان. یک برنامه درسی جامع که تمام جنبه های حوزه، محیط، فناوری و اطلاعات مربوط به کودکان کار را پوشش می دهد به عنوان یک مقوله مرکزی شناسایی می شود.

Learning and practical activities in biology is an important element of the curriculum, which has faced challenges and opportunities in the distance education process in the conditions of the coronavirus. The aim of the research was to identify the learning challenges and practical activities of biology professors and undergraduate students of Kabul Education University -Afghanistan in virtual classes under the Covid-19 conditions. This research was conducted with a qualitative approach and grounded theory method. The research population was 36 professors and students who participated in targeted interviews of 20 men and 16 women. The results showed that (limited access to the Internet, non-implementation of practical and laboratory activities, evaluation challenges and changes in the time and place of teaching) are the things that have affected the quality of education, learning and practical activities' of biology in the Corona conditions. By creating a balanced e-learning infrastructure in all regions of the country and investing more in educational technology, can be reduced learning challenges and practical activities.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the position of ethnicity in formal and hidden curricula of the new secondary education system. Methodology: The present research method was qualitative analysis of content analysis which consisted of two parts. The first part of the research included documentary analysis and content analysis. The statistical population included 51 books in the field of humanities in the second secondary school. The research sampling method was purposeful sampling and the research sample included 6 volumes of history and sociology books of the second secondary school. The content analysis unit consisted of text, images, and textbook activities. To evaluate the content validity was used experts' opinion about the degree of coordination of the content of the measurement tool and the purpose of the research. On the other hand, in order to ensure its reliability, Scott method was used. Based on the obtained reliability coefficient (79) it was quite stable. In the second part of the research, the research method was qualitative and ethnographic, and various tools such as student journals, photographs, semi-structured and informal interviews and observation were used to collect research data. To analyze the data in this section, qualitative content analysis was used by Smith method. Finally, to ensure the accuracy of the findings in this section, Triangulation method and re-referral of data to participants were used. Findings: The findings of the research in the first part showed that only 4% of the three sections of the content from the reviewed books paid attention to the 22 desirable components of ethnicity. Also in data analysis based on Smith method in the second part of the research, various themes including ethnicity neglect, teachers 'ignorance, different teachers' expectations, ethnicity as a cause of discrimination and the consequences of ethnic discrimination appeared. Each of them contained several sub-themes. Conclusion: Based on the findings, it can be acknowledged that the place of ethnicity in the formal and hidden curricula of the new secondary school system has been largely neglected. Therefore, due to the multiplicity of Iranian society, it is suggested that the curriculums of the secondary schools be completely revised to cover the necessary components for multicultural education and ethnic diversity in Iran.