درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

هدف پژوهش حاضر مطالعه رابطه ی بین استفاده از راهکارهای شناختی و فراشناختی توسط آزمون شوندگان و عملکرد آنها در آزمون خواندن و درک مطلب بود. پژوهشگران از ابزارهای ذیل برای جمع آوری داده های خودکاوانه و پس کاوانه از شرکت کنندگان در پژوهش استفاده کردند: (1) آزمون جندگزینه ای خواندن و درک مطلب، (2) چک لیست حاوی راهکارهای خاص که باید بلافاصله پس از انتخاب هر گزینه مورد استفاده قرارمی گرفت، (3) چک لیست حاوی راهکارهای عامتر که باید بعد از اتمام آزمون مورد استفاده قرار می گرفت. نتایج نشان داد که آزمون شوندگان از راهکارهای منتهی به پاسخ درست و راهکارهای منتهی به پاسخ نادرست استفاده کرده اند. الگوی استفاده از راهکارها نشانگر گرایش آزمون شوندگان به استفاده بیشتر از راهکار ""بازگشت به متن خواندنی"" به عنوان راهکاری که به پاسخ درست منتهی می شود و راهکار ""حدس"" به عنوان راهکاری که به پاسخ نادرست منتهی می شود می باشد. نتایج همچنین نشان می دهند که عملکرد راهکارهای دوگانه فوق هنگام مقایسه در دو آزمون ساده و مشکل متفاوت است.

In light of the fact that L2 pronunciation errors are often caused by the transfer of well-established L1 sound systems, this paper examines some of the outstanding phonological differences between Persian and English. Comparing segmental and supra-segmental aspects of both languages, this study also discusses several problematic areas of pronunciation facing Iranian learners of English. To reach such a goal, thirty EFL learners were randomly selected from three levels of beginning, intermediate, and advanced students enrolled for the Fall term in 2008 in one of the private institutes in Shiraz. Their pronunciations of a list of 40 words and 8 sentences were analyzed through read-aloud task followed by an interview. The words have been recorded though a computer-based files adjusted for voice. The result of the data analysis indicated that our EFL learners at three levels confront considerable problems in areas that are absent in their mother tongue or converged into one item which is technically termed as coalescence. In order to compensate for the difficulties encountered by our EFL learners, we as teachers should integrate pronunciation teaching in our classroom syllabi so that they will become conscious of the differences in the sound system of the two languages. In this way, the Persian learners of English will be helped to become proficient speakers of English with rare or no residue of foreign accent in the pronunciation of target words, phrases, or sentences, thereby leading to more intelligibility of their utterances.

This paper is an attempt to shed light on the effects of modernization, urbanization, monolingual educational system, and mass media as well as the process of globalization on dialect leveling among Persian dialects. In so doing, the first part of the paper elaborates on the relationship between globalization and sociolinguistics, and on the concept of standardization. Also, it discusses some factors accelerating dialect leveling among Persian dialects. The second part of the paper presents some empirical evidence for the change, based on the data collected from 3 Persian dialects, namely: Birjandi, Neyshaboori, and Yazdi. Three spoken language sample corpora from two age cohort groups in each speech community were collected. Having transcribed the data, the researchers juxtaposed the phonological, morphological, and syntactic conventions of the two groups of each speech community for further in-depth analysis. Comparing the speech samples of the two age cohorts in each corpus revealed significant movements towards standard dialect. However, the quality and quantity of the observed movements did not appear to be the same across the dialects in question.