سبک شناسی جزوه مترجَم شماره 2574: ترجمه ای کهن از قرآن مجید (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
ترجمه های کهن فارسی از آیات شریف قرآن کریم در زمره ذخایر ارزشمند ادب فارسی است. این ترجمه ها، تشخّص و جایگاه ویژه و کم مانندی دارند. قرارگرفتن واژه های فارسی دربرابر مفردات قرآنی و عربی در بیشتر این آثار، دریافت معنی درست و دقیق آنها را ساده و ملموس ساخته است. از سوی دیگر، به سبب گستردگی و تنوّع کاربردی لغات حوزه ها و دوره های گوناگونِ زبانی در این متون، بررسی و شناخت ساختار لغات زبان فارسی از دیدگاه تاریخی بدون مراجعه به آنها ممکن نیست. یکی از ترجمه های کهن قرآن، جزوه مترجم شماره 2574 است که در کتابخانه آستان قدس نگهداری می شود. این ترجمه، زبانی استوار دارد و دربردارنده واژگانی سره و اصیل است. نسخه یادشده از نظر تاریخ ترجمه، تاریخ زبان و سیر تحوّل آن همچون دیگر ترجمه های کهن قرآن کریم، بسیار ارزنده و با اهمّیت است. در این جستار، جزوه مترجم 2574 معرّفی و روش مترجم آن در ترجمه، در کنار ویژگی های نسخه شناختی، زبانی، دستوری و رسم الخطی آن بررسی و تبیین خواهد شد. نام و نشان دقیق مترجم و کاتب و تاریخ قطعی و محل کتابت نسخه مشخّص نیست؛ امّا نتایج پژوهش حکایت از آن دارد که نسخه مورد بررسی متعلّق به دوره نخست فارسی دری یعنی قرن پنجم هجری است و برابرنهاده های فارسی، دگرگونی های واجی، شاخصه های دستوری و رسم الخط آن، کهنگی زبان ترجمه را در این ترجمه از قرآن کریم نشان می دهند. دقّت فراوان در معادل یابی و برابرگزینی، تأثیرپذیری متعادل از ساختار زبان عربی، وام گیری اندک واژگان از زبان عربی، کاربرد حروف در معنای دیگر، جدانوشتن نشانه نفی از فعل، اتّصال ضمیر «او» به «که» ربط، استعمال فعل ماضی پیاپی و به کارگیری وجه تحذیری برخی از شاخصه های نسخه یادشده است.Translated Manuscript 2574: An Ancient Translation of the Holy Quran
Manuscript 2754 at the library of Astan Quds Razavi is one of the translated copies of the Quran dedicated to the fifteenth part of the scripture (from 17:16 to 18:73). The translation is written between the Arabic lines of the Quran and in Naskh style. The translator and writer of this manuscript are unknown but, due to the antiquity of the language and the script, it dates back to the fifth century AH. In the 6th century (AH), the manuscript was gifted by Abi al-Qasim’s daughter, a lady from Khorasan. It has 53 pages each with the size of 17 × 25 cm, 5 lines of text, and 5 lines of translation. In terms of orthography, the text is free of mistakes, cross-outs, and left-outs. The verses in this ink-written script are in four colors (black, red, green, and yellow). The text of the translation is written between the lines of the verses in a small font but in a legible manner, and there is no trace of a specific dialect in it. Therefore, it cannot be attributed to a specific area. Considering the old script and phonetic, grammatical, and lexical features, the translation seems to belong to the 5th century (AH).Keywords: Translation of the Quran, Translated Manuscript No. 2574, Equivalents, Prose of the 5th Century AH.Introduction In this old manuscript, the translator has adhered to the Arabic text, trying to be extremely careful in the matter of rendering the text, and providing a literal translation of the verses without any interference but by preserving the structure and features of the Arabic text. Thus, the translator is a literal translator in such a way that, in some cases, he has even included some letters in his translation. Based on the structure of the Persian language, however, it was not necessary to include those letters in the translation. In this manuscript, no special signs or symbols are used to distinguish ب from پ, ج from چ and ک from گ, and these letters are written without dots or any signs. The way of writing Zal Mo’jameh (ذ) is one of the characteristics of the examined manuscript, which indicates the antiquity of the text and the language. Like in most of the texts belonging to the first period of Dari Persian, the scribe has written the superscript (‘) sign on the final syllable of the words ending in (ه), both in simple words and with passive adjectives derived from verbs. In the prohibition verbs, the prohibition prefix is usually written as "Ma" (i.e. don’t) and is rarely written separately. In negation verbs, in most cases, the negative prefix is written as "نه" and separate from the verb. One of the noteworthy points in the writing style of the translated text 2754 is the way of writing the connective "که" and the pronoun "او" in the form of "کو" in all the cases.Materials and MethodsThis research is of a fundamental type, and it was carried out through library work and by the comparative correction of manuscripts. The translated text was corrected and revived in a comparative manner. Then, the most important stylistic, linguistic, and literary features of the text were extracted.Research FindingsThe translated copy of the Quran number 2754 is important and can be examined in terms of how it is influenced by the Arabic language, how the equivalent words and grammatical structures are selected, and how the text looks orthographically. One of the prominent features of this translation is its being influenced by Arabic lexical and syntactic features and the structural reflection of the text of the Qur'an, a phenomenon that has been somewhat common among ancient translations due to the significant commitment of the translators to the source text. In the studied translated manuscript, considering the word-for-word rendering of the Quranic verses, the translated phrases do not match the Persian syntax, and the translator in most cases has used the construction of "infinitive + ی" to present equivalents for direct objects and emphasize the meanings of verbs.In Farsi, unlike Arabic, adverbs of manner do not correspond to the agent, but, in the literal translation of Arabic sentences, this correspondence is sometimes seen. It is clear that such a case emerges from literal translation. The correspondence of adverbs of manner to agents is one of the cases that appeared in the translation under the influence of the structure of the Arabic language. Using singular verbs for plural subjects in accordance with the Arabic language is found in this translation. The translator has acted moderately in being influenced by the Arabic language, and, unlike other ancient translations of the Holy Quran, some structures of the Arabic language are not seen in his translation. The correspondence between the adjective and the noun as well as between the number and the pluralized noun is something for which no example is found in the translation under review. The translator has used plural adjectives in singular forms and has translated plural nouns into singular nouns. Converting passive structures to active ones is another example of ignoring the structure of the Arabic language in the studied translated text. The translator has converted all the passive verbs into active forms, which is one of the distinctions of the manuscript. There was no evidence of it in any other old translation of the Qur'an.In the translation under review, the translator has tried to use a Persian singular word for each singular Arabic word or, in case of inability, an eloquent combination. He has also avoided using Arabic words as much as possible. As in the translation of 2621 Arabic words, there are only 26 Arabic words, but the rest are Persian words. This indicates his skill in translation and knowledge of the Persian language. Considering the equivalents chosen in this translation, one can understand the age of the target manuscript.In the translated text, there are many cases of change of letters. Most of the changes are related to the conversion of the phoneme ب to و. This conversion is one of the most common phonetic transformations in Dari Persian. Integration, deletion, and addition are the other language features of this version.Some of the most important grammatical features of the translated manuscript 2754 include the use of consecutive past tense verbs, conditional and wish sentences, pluralism, adverbials, lack of unmarked utterances, pronoun او for the inanimate, use of certain words in other meanings, use of ب at the beginning of verbs, and the use of separate pronouns instead of connected ones.Discussion of Results and ConclusionsThe translated manuscript number 2754 is an old translation of the Holy Quran that dates back to the fifth century AH, and it is not influenced by any special dialect or accent. The translator has translated the verses literally and has been very careful to find equivalents and do lexical matchings. However, there are cases of deletion and addition in the translation. The literal translation has resulted in the influence of the Arabic language structure on direct objects, the correspondence of the mood to the agent, the mismatch of the verb and the subject, etc. However, the translator has not been so affected by the structure of the Arabic language as to improperly translate the style, contextual subtleties, numerals, plural forms, adjectives, adverbs, passive verbs, and prepositions.The mentioned manuscript is eminent in terms of the originality of the words and the selection of equivalents, and the selected equivalents are a strong proof of the old age of the text. Borrowing words from Arabic in this translation is very rare. Phonological transformations, consecutive use of past verbs, expression of conditions and wishes, pluralism, use of certain words in other meanings, adding ب to the beginning of verbs, use of the pronoun او for the inanimate, use of adverb, writing the letters ب, پ, ج, چ, ک and گ the same way without any distinguishing marks, connecting the pronoun اوto the connective که, writing the negation letter ن separately from the verb, writing the prohibition letter as م, and putting the superscript (‘) sign on the final syllable of the words ending in (ه) are all evidence that the text dates back to the first Dari Persian period, or the 5th century AH.
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