سخن دستور گریزِ مؤثر در تاریخ جهانگشای جوینی (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
کتاب تاریخ جهانگشای جوینی (658 ق)، از مهمترین کتب تاریخی دوره مغول است که شاید بتوان آن را از نظر زمان، مرتبه و ارزش تاریخی و ادبی بر دیگر آثار مشابه متقدّم دانست. از جمله علل اصلی این برتری را بی شک، می باید در ادبیّت متن بررسی کرد. ادبیّت متن به عوامل گوناگونی وابسته است که از جمله آنها می توان به نظم هنری (ساختِ نحویِ دستورگریز) اشاره کرد. نظم هنری، با نظم پایه (ساختِ نحویِ دستورمند)، متفاوت است. نظم نحوی دستورگریز، به کیفیت زیباشناختی در نحو سخن اختصاص دارد که در فرآیند هنری شدن سخن و شکل گیریِ ادبیّت آن نقش مهمی را ایفا می کند. این دستورگریزی هنری، از رهگذر فرایند هنجارگریزی نحوی شکل می گیرد و مبتنی بر چهار اصلِ جابه جایی، جانشینی، کاهش و افزایش است. این پژوهش با هدف شناخت هرچه بیشتر و بهتر ویژگی های نثر فنی و با بررسی چهار اصل مذکور در کتاب تاریخ جهانگشا به این نتایج دست یافت که هنجارگریزی نحوی، گرچه سبب دستورگریزی شده، باعث برجستگی سخن و تأثیر زیباشناختی آن شده است. همچنین نتیجه این بررسی نشان از آن دارد که عطاملک جوینی در این دستوری گریزی مؤثر در کتاب تاریخ جهانگشا، از اصلِ «افزایش»، در قالب جملات معترضه، به وجهی هنرمندانه تر بهره برده و آن را به یک ویژگی برجسته سبکی و رفتار ویژه زبانی بدل کرده است.An Effective Evasive Speech in the History of Jahangosha Joveyni
The historical book of Jahangosha Joveyni (658 AH) holds significant importance as a historical work from the Mongol period, surpassing similar works in terms of its historical and literary value, as well as its early composition. This superiority can be attributed to the literary qualities of the text, particularly its artistic order, which differs from the standard syntactic construction. Artistic order characterized by ungrammatical syntactic construction contributes to the aesthetic quality of the text, playing a crucial role in its artistic expression and literary significance. The avoidance of grammatical norms in syntax is achieved through 4 principles: displacement, substitution, reduction, and increase. Through an examination of Jahangosha's history, it was found that while this syntactic norm avoidance led to unconventional syntax, it also enhanced the prominence and aesthetic impact of the text. Notably, Joveyni artistically employed the principle of "increase" through protest sentences, transforming it into a distinctive stylistic feature and a unique linguistic behavior. This study demonstrated the effective use of grammatical avoidance by Joveyni, highlighting the artistic and aesthetic value of his work.
Keywords: History of Jahangosha Joveyni, Artistic Order, Grammatical Construction, Standard Language
Introduction
Atamalek Joveyni (623-681AH) stands out as one of the most prominent historians of the 7th century Hijri. His renowned work, Tarikh Jahangosha, is widely regarded as one of the most trustworthy historical accounts of Iran and the Mongols (Safa, 1984, p. 4/49). Referred to as "The History of Genghis", it is hailed as the most comprehensive and accurate record from the Mongol conquest era (Iqbal Ashtiyani, 1986, p. 485). Beyond its historical significance, Jahangosha's history holds literary and artistic values. A significant aspect of this acclaim lies in its "speech literature." When examining the literary aspects of Jahangosha's history, the focus shifts from the verbal and spiritual arrangements of words to its sentence structure. This structure manifests in two forms: ordered (following grammatical structure constructions) and unordered (seemingly ungrammatical, yet effective and beautiful). The literariness of the speech is rooted in its grammatical non-normativeness and the author's attention to artistic order, specifically the construction of ungrammatical sentences in the speech.
Recognizing the importance of investigating the structure of unordered sentences in creating effective speech, this research aimed to comprehensively understand the features of Jahangosha's history. It sought to address the following main questions:
- In what forms has effective order avoidance been employed in Jahangosha's history?
- What is the most significant type of effective grammatical deviation in the structure of Jahangosha's history?
Based on this foundation, the "artistic manipulation in sentences" in Jahangosha's history were examined through 4 processes: displacement (advancing, delaying, and repositioning sentence components), substitution (such as replacing one adjective with another), reduction (deletion), and increase (objective sentences).
Materials & Methods
This research was conducted in a descriptive-analytical manner. The theoretical framework of the study was based on Dr. Fotuhi’s (2017) classification of the processes for creating effective grammar. The aim was to investigate the characteristics of effective phrasing in Atamalek Joveyni’s style in Jahangosha’s history. The primary objective of this article was to present the "processes of artistic manipulation in phrasing," while striving to minimize engagement with innovative and spiritual terms.
Research Findings
The findings of this research indicated that Joveyni was cognizant of the significance of manipulating the arrangement of words in sentences when composing the history of Jahangosha. He demonstrated a keen understanding of how to craft his words. Amidst his orderly writing, which consistently flowed well in his speech, he occasionally employed phrases and sentences featuring intricate grammatical shifts, contributing to the enhanced "literature" of the text and creation of artistic beauties within it.
Grammatical manipulations were primarily executed through 4 processes: substitution, displacement, reduction, and increase with the most prevalent form of artistic grammatical deviation being "increase." These artistic nuances directly influenced the creation of the aesthetic values of the history of Jahangosha, contributing to its enduring fame and significance throughout history.
Discussion of Results & Conclusion
The structure of word order in a sentence can be categorized into ordered (following grammatical rules) and unordered (arranged in an ungrammatical yet effective and aesthetically pleasing manner). Different languages have various types of words. For instance, in the Persian language, there are 7 types of words: verb, noun, pronoun, adjective, adverb, letter, and pseudo-sentence (Ahmadi Givi & Anvari, 2017, p. 2). The primary form of this linear order can be outlined as follows:
Subject + object + transitive verb
In an ordered sequence, the mind's work in this horizontal order involves a systematic movement from one word to the next. When this linear process adheres to the grammatical dependencies of words, it forms a natural order known as "basic order." Basic order represents the standard arrangement of words in their original positions within the sentence structure. Arrangement of sentence components in an unordered or "artistic order" is linked to emotional aspects, significance of components, and at times, author's style and manner. "In this method, words are often rearranged to have a greater impact and in accordance with grammatical rules. This rearrangement not only does not detract from the original message, but also amplifies its influence and reach (Vahidiyan Kamyar & Omrani, 2000, p. 33).
"Speech," in an artistic order, deviates from the basic rules of grammar, which are considered the criteria for correctness and coherence of speech, and becomes what is termed "unordered." This "syntactic abnormality" possesses aesthetic effects and qualities. By manipulating the linear and horizontal movement of speech and repositioning sentence components, it stimulates thought and may even surprise the audience.
Considering the subject matter of the book, the structure of the words in the history of Jahangosha Joveyni primarily adhered to the standard order. However, Joveyni's artistry was based on the virtual poles of speech, axis of companionship, and artistic arrangement of words alongside each other. This artistic arrangement was grounded in "customary terms." These effective grammatical deviations were prominently observed in the introduction of the book's chapters and the descriptions where the author sought to showcase his prowess and artistry in writing, making his words more impactful on the audience.
This artistic arrangement was centered around "traditional terms." These deliberate grammatical deviations were prominently featured in the introductory sections of the book's chapters, as well as in the author's descriptions, demonstrating his prowess and artistry in writing and aiming to make his words more impactful on the audience.
The result of this study demonstrated that while Joveyni's method of narrating many historical events closely aligned with the standard or basic order of the Persian language, he had enhanced the literary aspect of Jahangosha as a lasting historical work through various techniques, including his effective grammar avoidance.
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