معرفی «ادبیات تاریخی» به عنوان یکی از انواع ادبی فارسی (با تکیه بر تاریخ بلعمی، تاریخ بیهقی، تاریخ جهانگشای جوینی، تاریخ وصاف) (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
یکی از م سائلی ک ه ناقدان ادبی از قدیم به آن توجه داشته اند تقسیم بندی آثار ادبی براساس انواع ادبی است. در تعاریف انواع ادبی، آثار را به گروه های مشخص طبقه بندی می کنند. از این طریق، به خوبی م ی توان ماهیّت آثار ادبی را شناخت، ارزش هر اثر ادبی را نسبت به سازگاری آن با ویژگی های نوعیِ از پیش مقرر شده تعیین کرد، ع لل و عوامل بروز و ظهور انواع را پی برد و نیرو یافتن یا ضعف و از بین رفتن آنها را در دوره ه ای ادبی و تاریخی مختلف، ب ررسی ک رد. متون ادب فارسی را نیز به انواع گوناگونی تقسیم کرده اند مانند: ادبیات حماسی، ادبیات تعلیمی، ادبیات غنایی؛ البته محققان درباره معرفی برخی از انواع ادبی دیگر هم، تحقیقات مستقلی انجام داده اند. در پژوهش های انجام شده، تاکنون تکلیف متونی همچون تاریخ بلعمی، تاریخ بیهقی، تاریخ جهانگشای جوینی، تاریخ وصاف و آثاری از این دست که تمییز صبغه تاریخی آنها از رنگ و ارزش ادبیشان دشوار و حتی غیر ممکن است، روشن نشده است و هیچ گاه این متون به عنوان یک مجموعه واحد بررسی نشده اند تا هم ویژگی های کلی و مشترکشان بررسی شود و هم دسته بندی دقیقی از شاخه ها و زیرشاخه های گوناگون آن به عنوان «نوع ادبی مستقل» ارائه گردد. به نظر می رسد به دلیل وجود برخی ویژگی های مشترک بین متن های تاریخی و همچنین به دلیل تمایزهای این متون با آثار دیگر انواع ادبی، می توان آنها را یک نوع ادبی مستقل به حساب آورد و نام آن نوع را «ادبیات تاریخی» نهاد، هم چنین ویژگی های این نوع ادبی جدید را مشخص کرد و تعریفی از آن ارائه داد.Introducing "Historical Literature" as One of the Persian Literary Genres by Relying on the Histories of Bal'ami, Beyhaqi, Jahāngoshā Jovini, and Wasāf
Categorization of literary works into various types has been a focal point for literary critics since ancient times. Persian literary texts have been classified into genres, such as epic literature, didactic literature, and lyrical literature. However, there has been independent research on the introduction of other literary genres. To date, the role of texts, such as the histories of Bal'ami, Bayhaqi, Jovini Jahāngoshā, and Wasāf, which blur the lines between their historical and literary values, has not been clearly defined. These texts have not been collectively examined to identify their general and common characteristics and establish a precise classification of their various branches and sub-branches as an "independent literary genre." Due to the shared features among historical texts and their distinctions from other literary works, they can be considered an independent literary type termed "historical literature." This study aimed to define the characteristics of this new literary genre and provide a comprehensive classification.
Keywords: Literature, History, Historical Texts of Persian Language, Literary Genres, Historical Literature.
Introduction
Categorization of literary works has been a longstanding concern for European critics, dating back to ancient times as evidenced by Aristotle's Poetics and similar works. Aristotle classified literary works into the three types of comedy, tragedy, and epic within the realm of poetry. In the early 20th century, Russian formalists further developed discussions on the genre approach to literature. Subsequently, the study of literary genres shifted towards a constructionist perspective, aiming to identify the roles and variables associated with each literary genre.
Materials & Methods
This research was rooted in the genre approach and aimed to establish a method for analyzing a specific type of Persian literary works. The general methodology employed was descriptive-analytical and based on the theory of literary types although it did not exclusively rely on a Western model. Zabihullāh Safā has conducted one of the most comprehensive studies on the epic literary genre in Iran. His valuable book outlines a detailed method for examining a literary genre. By applying this method to the selected historical texts in this research, the author has identified the defining characteristics of this literary genre and introduced historical literature as a distinct literary genre in the Persian language.
Research Findings
As per the research findings based on the provided abstract, this study successfully identified the historical texts of Bal'ami, Bayhaqi, Jovini Jahāngoshā, and Wasāf as constituting an independent literary genre termed "historical literature." These texts, which intertwine historical and literary values, were collectively examined to establish a precise classification of their various branches and sub-branches. The research defined the characteristics of this new literary genre and provided a comprehensive classification, shedding light on the shared features among historical texts and their distinctions from other literary works. This would contribute to a deeper understanding of Persian literary genres and enriche the scholarly discourse on the subject.
Discussion of Results & Conclusion
Historical literature as a literary genre comprises narrative accounts with a historical-political backdrop, a literary-mythological essence, and specific functions. Historians within this genre typically present relatively objective events, often focusing on courtly affairs. The authors of these works have been frequently court secretaries and officials and initially, the audience for such literature consisted of courtiers, later expanding to include the general public.
The narrative format stands out as the primary characteristic of historical literature. This format imbues history with a logical and coherent structure, transforming it into a narrative tale from the past. The content of this genre predominantly revolves around individuals and events associated with the court. As we moved down the social hierarchy, historians were found to tend to allocate less attention to lower social groups. Another key aspect of this genre was the authors themselves, who often appeared as narrators bearing witness to the events. Initially, the audience for this genre was primarily composed of kings, princes, and courtiers as the majority of the populace either lacked literacy or could not afford the works of historians.
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