ارزیابی تأثیرهای معماری بومی بر توسعه پایدار روستایی (نمونه مورد مطالعه: منطقه جنوب غرب استان اصفهان) (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
روستانشینی شیوه غالب زندگی در طول تاریخ و تا دو دهه پیش بوده است. معماری روستایی به شکل اصیل و بومیِ خود یکی از زمینه های پایداری نواحی روستایی است که متأسفانه در سال های اخیر دچار تحولات عظیمی شده است؛ بنابراین هدف از پژوهش حاضر بررسی اثر های معماری بومی بر توسعه پایدار روستایی است. پژوهش حاضر از نوع کاربردی و به لحاظ روش، توصیفی-تحلیلی و مبتنی بر پیمایش است. در این پژوهش اطلاعات لازم از دو روش میدانی و کتابخانه ای جمع آوری شده است. جامعه آماری پژوهش شامل دو گروه «مردم روستایی» و «کارشناسان» در زمینه مطالعه شده است. حجم نمونه اول بر اساس فرمول کوکران 354 نفر روستایی و نمونه دوم 30 کارشناس است. تعداد 9 روستا نیز به روش خوشه ای- فضایی انتخاب و پرسشنامه بر اساس نسبت خانوار به صورت تصادفی توزیع و تکمیل شده است. نتایج پژوهش نشان داد که مهم ترین موانع تداوم معماری بومی بر اساس دیدگاه «روستاییان» و «متخصصان» به ترتیب با 60/25% و 34/33% فراوانی «میل و سوق پیدا کردن روستاییان به مدگرایی و شهرگرایی» و مهم ترین راهکار در تداوم معماری بومی نیز از نظر روستاییان «فرهنگ سازی و به کارگیری دانش بومی» با 5/16% فراوانی و بر اساس نظر کارشناسان «ایجاد امکانات مطلوب در روستاها» با 30 % فراوانی است. درباره تحولات معماری مسکن نیز بیشترین میانگین برای هر دو نمونه (با 6/3 و 63/3) مربوط به شاخص «تغییر معماری روستا به سمت شهری شدن» است. همچنین، نتایج آزمون تی تک نمونه ای نشان داد که میانگین نمونه روستاییان و متخصصان در بُعد محیطی به ترتیب 72/3 و 98/3، در بُعد اقتصادی به ترتیب 50/3 و 63/ و در بُعد اجتماعی نیز به ترتیب 70/3 و 87/3 فراوانی است؛ بنابراین با توجه به بیشتر بودن حد میانگین 3 نتایج، می توان بیان کرد که معماری بومی از نظر هر دو گروه تأثیر زیادی بر توسعه پایدار روستایی دارد.Investigating the Effect of Vernacular Architecture on Sustainable Rural Development (Case Study: Isfahan Southwest Area)
Rural living has been the most usual way of life all through history until the last two decades. Rural architecture, in its pure local sense, is among the sustainable features of rural areas that have undergone noticeable changes recently. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effect of vernacular architecture on sustainable rural development. This research is practical and descriptive-analytical based on the survey method. Data were collected using both library and field methods. Participants were from two groups of residents and experts. Thirty experts and 354 residents were surveyed based on the Cochran formula. Nine villages were selected using the cluster-spatial metod. Then, the household proportion questionnaires were distributed. The results indicate that in the sight of both local residents and experts with the frequency of 25.60% and 33.34% most important obstacle to vernacular architecture rural development is residents’ tendency toward modernity. The most crucial solution to this issue according to the local residents is the cultivation and use of local knowledge (with a frequency of 16.5%). However, experts consider creating desirable facilities in villages (with a frequency of 30%) as the most important factor. Regarding house architecture changes, the highest average for both groups (3.6 and 3.63) is related to the architecture change toward modernization. Results of the one-sample t-test revealed that, regarding environmental aspects, the local inhabitants’ sample average was 3.27 and the experts’ average was 3.98. Regarding economic aspects, the local inhabitants’ sample average was 3.50 and the experts’ average was 3.63; regarding social aspects, the local inhabitants’ sample average was 3.70 and the experts’ average was 3.83. Thus, this research suggests that rural architecture strongly affects sustainable rural development. Regarding environmental aspects, the local inhabitants’ sample average was 3.27 and the experts’ average was 3.98. With respect to economic aspects, the local inhabitants’ sample average was 3.50 and the experts’ average was 3.63. Considering social aspects, the local inhabitants’ sample average was 3.70 and the experts’ average was 3.83. Therefore, considering that the results are above the average (3), it can be said that native architecture has a great impact on sustainable rural development from the point of view of both groups.Keywords: Village, Vernacular Architecture, Sustainable Rural Development, Isfahan. IntroductionVillages have been the first permanent residences on the earth and living there has been the most usual way of life all through history until the last two decades. Villages have the fundamental role of supplying the world’s ingredients. They are places where raw materials for food industries and export markets are provided. Despite economic deficiencies, villages are still one of the most stable economic sections in a variety of countries. But their structure and architecture of them are the most neglected. That is why this research is done to investigate the obstacles and solutions for maintaining vernacular rural architecture as well as the effect of this architecture on sustainable rural development regarding various facets. Materials and MethodsThis research is practical and descriptive-analytical based on the survey. The data were collected using both library and field methods. Participants were from two groups of residents (394 people) and experts (30 experts). Nine villages were selected using the cluster sampling method. Then, the household proportion questionnaires were distributed. Using library sources and available documents, the issue was investigated historically based on theories. Among the field methods, observation and questionnaires were used the most. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS software, descriptive (frequency charts, frequency percentages, etc.), and inferential statistics (one sample t-test, variance analysis, etc.). The studied areas include Isfahan’s southwest county (Falavarjan, Mobarakeh, and Lenjan). Sample villages are Kaviyan, Zafreh, Kelisan, Baghmalek, Hoz Mahi, Fakhr Abad, Haji Alvan, Kachoueyeh, and Harding. Research FindingsThe resident sample includes 51.9% men and 48.1% women of which 68.9% are married and 26.8% are single. Considering age, most of them (30.5%) are in the range of 25-34. The majority of residents’ literacy level is from elementary school to Diploma with a frequency of 51.5%. The highest percentage among jobless ones is allocated to housewives (55.15%). The highest percentage of working residents are self-employed (53.46%) and farmers (24.44%). Residence duration has been more than 30 years for 66% of the sample.Experts’ sample includes 96.7% men and 3.3% women. Regarding age, most of them (53.3%) are in the range of 35-44. The whole sample has an associate degree or higher. The results indicated that both groups believe in the positive role of vernacular architecture in the rural economy. Both groups allocated the lowest score (3.02 and 3.06) ‘the effect of architecture on more women employment’ item. Additionally, both groups confirmed the effect of vernacular architecture on social aspects with an average of more than medium. From the point of view of residents, the effect of vernacular architecture on social security items had the lowest score. However, from the point of view of experts, the effect of vernacular architecture on seasonal migration reduction had the lowest score. The overall average for the environmental index in the residents’ sample is 3.72 and in the experts’ sample is 3.98. Discussion of Results and ConclusionRegarding environmental aspects, the local inhabitants’ sample average was 3.27 and the experts’ average was 3.98. In terms of economic aspects, the local inhabitants’ sample average was 3.50 and the experts’ average was 3.63. Considering social aspects, the local inhabitants’ sample average was 3.70 and the experts’ average was 3.83. Thus, this research suggests that rural architecture strongly affects sustainable rural development. Regarding environmental aspects, the local inhabitants’ sample average was 3.27 and the experts’ average was 3.98. With respect to economic aspects, the local inhabitants’ sample average was 3.50 and the experts’ average was 3.63. In terms of social aspects, the local inhabitants’ sample average was 3.70 and the experts’ average was 3.83. Thus, this research suggests that rural architecture strongly affects sustainable rural development. Using variance analysis, the differences in various items of sustainable rural development showed that the meaningfulness of all items regarding social, economic, and environmental aspects is less than 0.05. Thus, residents believe that vernacular architecture has diverse effects. However, experts state that meaningfulness in economic items of 1, 2, 3, 5, and 13 is less than 0.05, therefore; Vernacular architecture has different effects on these items.
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