تحلیلی بر شرایط توسعه و عملکرد اثربخش اقامتگاه های بومگردی در نواحی روستایی پیرامون تالاب زریوار شهرستان مریوان مبتنی بر رویکرد سیستمی مدیریت گردشگری (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
نواحی روستایی حوزه تالاب زریوار شهرستان مریوان استان کردستان، حوزه ای بکر و پرطرفدار برای گردشگری روستایی است. در سال های اخیر چندین اقامتگاه بوم گردی در آن احداث شده است. این پژوهش در چارچوب رویکرد سیستمی مدیریت توسعه ای فعالیت های گردشگری با هدف بررسی وضعیت موجود، شناخت شرایط و لوازم مؤثر بر عملکرد اثربخش و توسعه اقامتگاه بومگردی در حوزه تالاب زریوار انجام شده است. برآیند آن ارائه راهکارهای کاربردی متناسب با وضع موجود به منظور پایداری این کسب و کارها و اثربخشی و موفقیت عملکردی اقامتگاه بومگردی در منطقه موردمطالعه است. روش پژوهش کاربردی حاضر، توصیفی-تحلیلی و مبتنی بر گردآوری داده ها با مطالعات اسنادی در بخش نظری و در بخش پیمایشی بر انجام مصاحبه های نیمه ساختارمند، توزیع پرسشنامه و مشاهده مستقیم است. برای تحلیل وضع موجود با ماهیت کمی-کیفی از گروه دلفی (28 نفر از تمامی ذی نفعان و دست اندرکاران عرصه توسعه گردشگری و بوم گردی؛ انتخاب به شیوه هدفمند) بهره گرفته شده است. تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها (در بخش کیفی با تکنیک تئوری بنیادی و در بخش کمی برای تأیید و تعمیم پذیری یافته های کیفی با استفاده از آزمون تحلیل مسیر) نشان دهنده آن بود که ضعف برنامه ریزی، سیاست گذاری و مدیریتی (در هر دو عرصه گردشگری و توسعه اقتصادی روستایی) با بار کلی 842/0 اثرگذارترین مؤلفه است و این موارد در مراتب بعدی قرار دارند: نامناسب بودن محیط کسب وکار منطقه، مدیریت امنیتی مرز، ضعف امکانات رفاهی، اقامتی و خدماتی، ضعف اطلاع رسانی، آموزش و تبلیغات، ناپایداری اکوسیستم تالاب، کمبود سرمایه، ضعف های اجتماعی-فرهنگی جامعه محلی، ضعف منظر، نما و معماری روستاهای حوزه تالاب، ضعف جاذبه ها در بخش عرضه و نارسایی های مرتبط با نیازها و عملکرد گردشگران در بخش تقاضا. در بخش توسعه عمومی و سامان دهی نظام گردشگری منطقه، نارسایی ها و ضعف های متعددی در قالب مؤلفه های مدیریت و سازمان دهی نهادی، اثربخشی اقتصادی، آموزش (اثرگذارترین مؤلفه با بار کلی 603/0)، بازاریابی و جذب تقاضا، مدیریت زیست محیطی، یادگیری و تخصص محوری، طراحی و معماری در برگیرنده سه بعد سیاست گذاری و برنامه ریزی، توانمندسازی منابع انسانی (اثرگذارترین مقوله با بار کلی 453/0) و تجربه گرایی و خلاقیت محوری در بخش تخصصی و حوزه بومگردی ها به عنوان عوامل و شرایط اثرگذار بر توسعه و اثربخشی اقامتگاه بومگردی و پایداری و ارزش افزایی آنها شناسایی شدند.An Analysis of the Development Conditions and Effective Performance of Ecotourism Residences in the Rural Areas around the Zarivar Wetland in Marivan City
The current research has been conducted to investigate the current situation and the conditions affecting the effective performance and development of ecotourism accommodation in the rural areas of the Zarivar wetland area of Marivan City as a pristine and popular area of rural tourism in Kurdistan province. Providing practical solutions appropriate to the existing situation to sustain these businesses and the effectiveness and functional success of the ecotourism residence in the study area are the main functions the study seeks to offer. The current applied research has been implemented using a descriptive-analytical method based on data collection in the theoretical part with documentary studies and in the survey part by conducting semi-structured interviews, distribution of questionnaires, and direct observation in line with the analysis of the existing situation with a quantitative-qualitative nature. A Delphi group (28 people from all the stakeholders and those involved in the development of tourism and ecotourism, selected in a targeted manner) has been selected. The analysis of the data in the qualitative part using the fundamental theory technique and in the quantitative part using the path analysis test showed that, in the sector of general development, the weakness of planning, policy-making, and management (both tourism and rural economic development) as the most effective component, the inappropriateness of the business environment of the region, border security management, the weakness of amenities, accommodation and services, the weakness of information, education and advertising, the instability of the wetland ecosystem, the lack of capital, the socio-cultural weaknesses of the local community, the weakness of the landscape, the appearance and architecture of the villages in the wetland area, the weakness of attractions in the supply sector and the inadequacies related to the needs and performance of tourists in the demand sector were the most effective factors. Moreover, organizing the tourism system of the region and numerous inadequacies and weaknesses in the form of institutional management and organization components, economic effectiveness, education (the most effective component), marketing and demand attraction, environmental management, learning and core expertise, design and architecture including the three dimensions of policy and planning, empowerment of human resources and empiricism and central creativity in the specialized sector and field of ecotourism, were identified as factors and conditions affecting the development and effectiveness of ecotourism accommodation and their sustainability and value addition.Keywords: Ecotourism Accommodation; Tourism System; Zarivar Wetland Rural Areas. IntroductionEcotourism accommodation is defined as a nature-based tourist accommodation that conforms to the philosophy and principles of ecotourism. For this purpose, the international guidelines for ecotourism accommodations specify that the three main characteristics of an ecolodge are the protection of the natural environment, the creation of economic benefits for local people, and the creation of social connections between local people and tourists. The sustainability and effectiveness of ecotourism accommodations depend on moving in the direction of ecotourism principles and interacting with internal and external factors affecting the performance of ecotourism accommodations, which can act as a stimulus or an obstacle to their effectiveness and sustainability. The actions required for the sustainability and effectiveness of ecotourism are proportional to the performance of internal and external conditions and their numerous elements and agents, and the type of actions and their implementation in each field and for each actor, the implementation of these actions also brings results that their reflection should be measured on the beneficiaries.The main issue of the current research is that in the current situation with the rapid growth and creation of these residences and numerous demands for the creation of new residences, their success, and effective performance have been affected by the factors and how it is possible to achieve the sustainability and effectiveness of these ecotourism residences in line with the development of ecotourism in the attractive and potential tourist destination of Zarivar Wetland. Actually, the driving factor, inhibitors, drivers and requirements for the effectiveness and sustainability of these Start-up businesses in the region must be identified, planned, and acted upon, especially due to the fact that the tourism environment is systemic and multifaceted. Materials and MethodsThe current applied and descriptive-analytical research is based on data collection in the theoretical part with documentary studies and in the survey part by conducting semi-structured interviews, distribution of questionnaires, and direct observation in line with the analysis of the existing situation. In this regard, a Delphi group (28 people from all the stakeholders and those involved in the development of tourism and ecotourism, selected in a targeted manner) has been selected. Data analysis has been done in the qualitative part with fundamental theory technique and in the quantitative part by using the path analysis test. Research FindingsAfter the three stages of coding, the factors affecting the general development sector were: the weakness of planning, policy-making, and management (both tourism and rural economic development) the most effective component, the inappropriateness of the business environment in the region, border security management, the weakness of amenities, accommodation and services, the weakness of information, education, and advertising, the instability of the wetland ecosystem, the lack of capital, the socio-cultural weaknesses of the local community, the weakness of the landscape, view, and architecture of the villages in the wetland area, the weakness of attractions in the supply sector and the inadequacies related to needs and performance. Tourists in the demand sector, in the sector of general development and organization of the tourism system of the region, and numerous inadequacies and weaknesses in the form of management and institutional organization components, economic effectiveness, education (the most effective component), marketing and demand attraction, environmental management, learning and core expertise, design and architecture, including the three dimensions of policy and planning, empowerment of human resources and experimentalism and central creativity in the specialized sector and field of ecotourism, were identified as factors and conditions affecting the development and effectiveness of ecotourism accommodation and their sustainability and value addition. Discussion of Results and ConclusionsAs long as there are general problems in the field of tourism in the region and in fact, the tourism system of the region is accompanied by many challenges and problems in its various dimensions and elements, the success of ecotourism and eco-tourism as part of the tourism market in the region faces many prerequisites. If the region's tourism is not on the path of sustainable development, the development and effectiveness of eco-residence will not be sustainable and beneficial (short-term success).The need for integrated management makes it necessary for synergy, effectiveness, coordination, and unified policymaking considering the weakness of management and planning in both sectors as well as the obstacles identified in the form of this component, and also the systemic nature of tourism activities, the importance of wetland tourism on a provincial scale, the necessity of chain management of tourism at the city level and even Kurdistan province as a province with the definition of the role and brand of tourism and the presence of numerous actors in its broad scene. But in the specialized field of ecotourism, it is necessary to consider training and creating awareness continuously to have capable and professional human capital in the field of tourism and ecotourism.
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