بررسی دلالت های ضمنی در مثنوی با توجه به تناسب واژگان (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
دلالت ضمنی یکی از رویکردهای نشانه شناسی است که با معناهای پنهان و ژرف ساخت متون به مثابه کلیت های نظام مند سروُکار دارد و درپی آن است تا با تکیه بر بافت کاربردی واژه و ویژگی های مخاطب، از ظاهر نظام های نشانه ای عبور کند و به لایه های زیرین متن دست یابد. مثنوی به دلیل ساختار تأویل پذیر و تودرتو، قابلیت بررسی از این دیدگاه را دارد و با واکاوی دلالت های ضمنیِ آن می توان به انسجام و وحدت اندام وار و نیز مفاهیم پنهان بسیاری پی برد. هدف این پژوهش، تبیین چگونگی دلالت های ضمنیِ برآمده از تناسب الفاظ در مثنوی است؛ ازاین رو در پژوهش حاضر با روش تحلیل محتوا از دیدگاه نشانه شناسی گفتمانی، برخی از دلالت های ضمنی مثنوی از دو منظر بررسی و تحلیل می شود. یافته های پژوهش بیانگر آن است که دلالت ضمنیِ برآمده از تناسب الفاظ در مثنوی به دو شکل دیده می شود: در شکل اول، باهم آیی و تناسبِ واژگان برجسته یک رویداد یا داستان دینی و تاریخی مشهور در محور هم نشینیِ بیت، تداعی کننده آن رویداد برای مخاطب و القاکننده معنای ضمنی دیگری است که با ظاهر بیت و زمینه اصلی بحث در محور عمودی شعر نیز هماهنگی دارد. در شکل دوم، شاعر، واژگان و فرازهای برجسته از داستانی مشهور و مرتبط را با کلام خود می آمیزد؛ ولی این نشانه های زبانی، معنای ثانویّه ای به بیت نمی بخشد؛ بلکه حضور آن واژگان در تعدادی از ابیات متوالی، مخاطب را به دلالت ضمنیِ موجود در کلیّت ابیات رهنمون می کند.Investigating Connotations (Implicit Meanings) in Masnavi with Respect to the Appropriateness of the Words
The connotation (implicit meaning) is one of the approaches of semiotics that deals with the hidden and deep meanings of texts as systematic wholes and seeks to overcome the appearance of sign systems and reach the underlying layers of the text by relying on the context of the word and the characteristics of the audience. Due to its interpretable and nested structure, Masnavi is apt to be analyzed from this point of view. Through analyzing its implicit meanings, one can understand its cohesiveness and unity, as well as many hidden concepts. This study aims to explain how the implied meanings arise from the appropriateness of words in Masnavi . Therefore, in this study, some of the implicit meanings of Masnavi were investigated and analyzed from two perspectives. The findings of the study indicate that the connotations arising from the appropriateness of the words in Masnavi can be seen in two ways: Firstly, the combination and appropriateness of prominent words of a famous religious and historical event or story in the axis of the verse is reminiscent of that event for the audience and induces another implicit meaning that is also in harmony with the appearance of the verse and the main topic of discussion in the vertical axis of the poem. Secondly, from a famous and related story with his own words, these linguistic signs do not give a secondary meaning to the verse; rather, the presence of those words in several consecutive verses guides the audience to the implicit meaning in all the verses. Introduction Implicit meaning is the second-order meaning that results from the applied context of the word and often has an emotional, situational, social, and cultural load. In some verses of Masnavi , although each of the words separately comes to the meaning of each verse, in proportion to other words and with a connotative meaning association, they connect the different parts of each story and give a body-like coherence to the text. The two research questions of the study are: In what ways are the implied meanings arising from the appropriateness of the words in Masnavi ? What are their functions? This study aims to investigate the connotative meanings of Masnavi verses and to introduce and explain one of Rumi's artistic tricks in dealing with this great literary work, which proves more than ever the power of his mind and language for indirect references and presenting multiple meanings. Thus, the reader can understand the depth and layers of his words. Materials and Methods In this research, due to the study length, a number of verses of Masnavi were extracted in which the use of appropriate words in the horizontal and vertical axis, based on some evidence and documentation, instilled a connotative meaning into the writes’ mind. With the help of other internal textual and contextual pieces of evidence and using content analysis based on discourse semiotics, their implicit meanings were explained. Research Findings The multi-layeredness and interpretability of Masnavi and its nested structure, clusters, external discreteness, and internal continuity, which are influenced by the language, style, and context of the Qur'an , have kept this wonderful book alive and dynamic, and receiving the indirect meanings and hidden layers of the text, always has opened up new research in this field. The evolution of semiotics has progressed from Saussure's two-dimensional perspective to a multifaceted perspective and a process in which they understand the hidden meanings and deep structures of literary or artistic works beyond the apparent dimensions of symbolic systems. This topic is introduced under the title of connotative meaning. Due to his extensive knowledge and deep understanding and comprehensive coverage of the events, stories, and biographies of prominent religious and historical figures, Molavi associates another similar character or story in the audience's mind and implicitly establishes a similar relationship between those two characters. This method can be considered one of the hidden artistic techniques of Rumi in writing poetry, which has been effective in deepening it, expanding the meaning, and connecting the concepts. This has made Rumi's poems scrutinized from the discourse semiotic point of view, and their implicit meanings can be deduced at different levels. In this way, evaluating and justifying the difference between Masnavi versions regarding some words is also possible. Discussion of Results and Conclusions The connotative meanings of words are one of Rumi's hidden artistic tricks in creating brevity, internal order, and coherence in the text, expanding the meaning and connecting concepts. The dynamics of the text lead to the intellectual participation of the audience and a better understanding of Rumi's thoughts. In all these cases, the words chosen by the poet are in harmony with the atmosphere of his poetry and confirm and complete the views expressed by Molavi. Sometimes, the coincidence and appropriateness of some words in the axis of companionship, along with clues such as the semantic context of the discussion, as well as other views and opinions of Molavi in Masnavi , guide the audience to the implied meanings. According to the apparent meaning of the verses and the topic of the speech, the words "ascetic", "six hundred thousand" and "calf" refer to the story of the Samaritan calf. The words "cow", "calf", and "God" refer to the calf worship of Moses' people. "Yar" and "cave" refer to the story of Laila Al-Ambit and the divine protection and concealment of the Prophet (PBUH) and Abu Bakr. Finally, "cow", "color", "red", and "yellow" refer to the story of the yellow cow of the Israelites and inject an implicit meaning into the verse. Rumi sometimes uses important passages from famous stories that somehow have something in common with the subject of his speech in the service of harmonizing verses and choosing words and processing his images. Although these signs often have the same vocabulary and are different in terms of function or example in consecutive verses, in proportion to each other, they evoke another similar story for the audience. An example of the connotation can be seen in the story of Jafar bin Abi Talib. He, who in Masnavi , is an example of the saints of truth and perfect human beings, enjoys divine approval and special strength and steadfastness due to his death in the truth. Based on the idea of repeating the truth of the nature of people, in Maulavi's opinion, like Iskandar Zulqarnain, another manifestation of the perfect man is shown in Masnavi , which, after reaching the knowledge of the sun of truth, shines everywhere like the sun. Inspired by the words and interpretations related to the story of Iskandar, Rumi created various themes and beautiful images in the story of Jafar bin Abi Talib and sometimes made mystical use of those interpretations.