واکاوی دیگری از ترکیبِ «پری مار» در بیتی از حدیقه الحقیقه سنایی با بهره گیری از اساطیر و افسانه های عامیانه (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
«پری مار» ترکیبی غریب است که سنایی غزنوی و خاقانی شروانی با استفاده از آن، معشوقکانِ زیبا رویِ دیوسیرت را به آن تشبیه کرده اند. برخی شارحین و مفسرین اشعار این دو شاعر، بی هیچ توضیح و تفسیری، از کنارِ این ترکیب گذشته اند؛ آن دسته از شارحینی نیز که در توضیح و واکاویِ آن کوشیده اند، معنای درست و به قاعده ای از «پری مار» به دست نداده اند و گویی در تحلیل آن، دچار ابهام و سردرگمی شده اند. به باورِ نویسنده این جستار، ترکیبِ «پری مار»، سرنوشتی اسطوره ای و افسانه ای را از سر گذرانیده است؛ زیرا با بررسی اساطیر و افسانه ها، می توان بر آن بود که سرنوشت پریان (زن ایزدانِ کهنِ کامکاری و باروری) و ماران، از کهن ترین زمان ها، به عللی مانند قمری بودنِ آنها، پیوندشان با زایندگی و کامکاری، ارتباطشان با جادوگری، و پیوستگی شان با آب، به هم گره خورده و در پیوند بوده است. این ارتباط که حتی پس از دین آوریِ زرتشت و اصلاحات دینی او ادامه می یابد، سبب شده است ترکیبی اساطیری به نام «پری مار» در قالب یکی از «اسطوره های ترکیبیِ پیکرگردانی» ایجاد شود که هم نماد زیبایی و کامرانی و هم نمادی اهریمنی است؛ و سنایی معشوقکان کامران و شهوت ران را به آنان تشبیه کند.Another Analysis of the Composition of "Fairy Snake" in A Verse from Sanayi’s Hadigheh Using Myths and Folk Tales
"Fairy Snake" is a peculiar expression that has been used by Sanayi Ghaznavi and Khaghani-e Shervani among other Persian poets. They have likened beautiful and disloyal lovers to it. The exegetes and commentators of the poems of Sanayi Ghaznavi and Khaghani-e Shervani have not yet given the correct meaning to and a true concept about this expression and composition, thus being confused about its analysis. According to the author, the combination of fairy with snake showed a mythical and legendary fate because by examining and studying the myths and legends, it could be said that the fate of the fairy as Goddess of debauch and fertility and that of the snake as a mysterious animal were caused by their very natures attributed to the moon, their correlation with debauch and fertility, and their connection with water, as well as magic and witches from the earliest times. This relationship, which continued after the Zoroastrian Religion and Zoroaster's religious reform caused the creation of a mythological-legendary expression called the "Fairy Snake" in the form of one of the mixed myths of transformation, which is a symbol of both debauch and devil. Sanayi Ghaznavi likened the beautiful and disloyal lovers to that strange and hybrid creature.
Introduction
Myths and legends are different types of traditional stories that exist in oral literature around the world and have been passed from one generation to another, while they have been sometimes written down in special circumstances. What should be paid attention to is that the stories, images, and mythological and legendary elements should not be assumed to belong only to the ancient time and ancient people, but they are like rebellious beings that have freed themselves from the prison of old age and oblivion and have been manifested in current behaviors, customs, and beliefs. One of these manifestations of mythological elements is in literature. In addition to different literary types, such as epics, fairy tales, folk tales, etc., which are closely related to myths, mythological elements can appear in the minds and languages of the poets and writers of other literary genres. In Persian literature, there are many such cases, an example of which is the combined word of “Fairy Snake". Commentators have not been able to give a detailed and convincing explanation about this compound word, while its ambiguous angles can be revealed by examining the words of fairy and snake from the point of view of myths and legends.
Materials and Methods
Among the literary compositions that Hakim Sanayi and later Khaqani have used in their poetry, “Fairy Snake" is one of the compositions that has a mythological-legendary root, which can be traced by examining Iranian and non-Iranian religious myths. Therefore, in the present research, we tried to extract and examine some examples of the association and connection of fairies and snakes in mythology and combine them as a single mythological being by using a descriptive-analytical method with a library approach.
Discussion of results & conclusion
The combination of fairy and snake in Persian literature can be seen in Sanayi’s Hadiqah for the first time. None of the commentators of Sanayi's poems and later Khaqani's have been able to give a convincing interpretation and description of this combined word. It seems that the main reason has been their inattention to the mythological roots of this composition. To unravel the concept of the combination of fairy and snake, it is necessary to know what kind of creature "fairies" have been in myths and legends and what kind of connection they have had with "snakes". After clarifying the connection between fairies and snakes in the histories of religions, myths, and legends, we should know how "fairy" and "snake" have together created the mythical-legendary combination of fairy and snake and then address Sanayi’s poetry. In fact, from the world's oldest mythological documents, we can see that snakes and fairies as sacred beings have been always together and later created a combined myth called the “fairy snake”, which is both a symbol of beauty and a demonic symbol.
By researching myths and legends, we could find out that fairy as an ancient woman represents the goddess of debauch and fertility and snake is a mysterious animal for some reasons, such as its connection with the moon, sexual force, and water. They were found to have been together since ancient times and created a mythological-religious combination because both of them were connected with magic. This association was in a way that both of these creatures had changed from good and positive phenomena to negative and demonic phenomena even after Zarathustra.
In a verse, Sanayi had compared lustful women to the mythical fairy snake, which was a symbol of sexual desire and fertility in the history of religions and believed that those enchanting women were not only Houra, but also devils. They were like "fairies" and "snakes" that had changed from good creatures to evil and demonic creatures in the era of Zoroastrians.
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