بررسی کارکردهای بلاغی «ایهام تبادر» در نفثه المصدور (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
نفثه المصدور، اثر تاریخی ادبی از شهاب الدین محمد خُرندزی زَیدری نَسَوی است که به سبک نثر مصنوع نوشته شده است. «ایهام» ازجمله صنایع بدیع معنوی است که در بلاغت این کتاب مؤثر بوده است. «ایهام تبادر»، یکی از انواع ایهام، از ویژگی های سبکی نَسَوی به شمار می رود. نگارنده بر آن است تا کارکردهای بلاغی ایهام تبادر را در نفثه المصدور بکاود. این پژوهش به روش کمّی کیفی انجام شده است. پرسش محوری پژوهش این است که «آیا می توان ایهام تبادر در نفثه المصدور را فقط با توجه به علم معانیِ سنتی در سطح جمله بررسی کرد یا به کمک سبک شناسی ساختگرا، این امکان وجود دارد که آن را در پیوند با بند و بافت کاوید؟». برای پاسخ به این مهم، ابتدا 570 نمونه ایهام تبادر یافته شد؛ پس از بررسی آنها پی بردیم که ایهام تبادر گاهی فقط در پیوند با جمله است و گاهی با بند و بافت نیز در ارتباط است؛ نیز این آرایه باعث انسجام و بلاغت بیشتر اثر شده و درنهایت به ایجاز کلیّت متن کمک کرده است. این مسئله را از بُعد روان شناختی نیز بررسی کردیم و متوجه شدیم که میان موضوع سطرها و بسامد ایهام تبادر ارتباطی برقرار است. به سبب محدودیّت صفحات مقاله، تنها بخشی از دستاوردهای خویش را در معرض نقد و نظر سخن سنجان قرار داده ایم و امید است که صورت کامل آن را در آینده ای نزدیک منتشر کنیم.Investigating the Rhetorical Functions of Association of Ideas in Nafthat ol-Masdur
Nafthat ol-Masdur is a historical-literary work of Shahabuddin Mohammad Zaidari Nasavi, which is written in the style of euphuism. One of the figures of speech that has been effective in the rhetoric of this book is ‘Equivoque’. One of its types is the ‘association of ideas’ which is one of the features of Nasavi's style. The present study intends to explore the rhetorical functions of the association of ideas in Nafthat ol-Masdur . The central questions of this research are: Can the association of ideas in Nafthat ol-Masdur be studied only in terms of traditional rhetoric at the sentence level or with the help of Structural stylistics? Is it possible to explore it in connection with the context? To answer the questions, first, 570 examples of the association of ideas were found. After examining them, we found that the association of ideas is sometimes only related to the sentence and sometimes is related to the context. It also makes the work more coherent and rhetorical, and ultimately helps to the brevity of the whole text. We have also examined the psychological dimension and found that there is a connection between the subject of lines and the frequency of the association of ideas.
Introduction
Shahabuddin Mohammad Nasavi is the author of Nafthat ol-Masdur . Its date of writing is 1234 or 1235. Nafthat ol-Masdur means the sputum and blood that a person with lung disease throws out to calm himself down a little in this way, and its ironic meaning is to complain about something unpleasant to reduce the inner pain in this way. Nafthat ol-Masdur is a jeremiad on the death of Sultan Jalal al-Din and a description of female displacement after the Mongol invasion. It is one of the books written in euphuism (artificial prose). Nasavi has used a variety of rhetorical figures and sometimes brings his prose to the level of delicate poetry. In euphuism, the author does not seek to inform but seeks to influence the hearts. ‘Equivoque’ is one of the rhetorical figures that is important in the rhetoric of the book and is one of Nasavi's stylistic features. What we have explored in this research is the association of ideas. That is, when a word of the text evokes another word with which it is almost in the same form or consonant. The word that comes to mind usually has taxis to the word or words of the text. Equivoque and the association of ideas have a special place in Nafthat ol-Masdur . It is as if Nasavi has been constantly oscillating in the space between reality and mentality. That is, the conscious and the unconscious is constantly interacting and exchanging information. In this research, we have explained the rhetorical functions of the association of ideas in Nafthat ol-Masdur .
Materials and Methods
This research, which has been done using a quantitative-qualitative method, has studied the rhetorical functions of the association of ideas in Nafthat ol-Masdur and has used library resources to achieve the objectives.
Discussion of Results Conclusions
The association of ideas has a high frequency among all types of equivoque in Nafthat ol-Masdur , which can be firmly called one of Nasavi's stylistic features. Nasavi's repeated and clever use of the association of ideas has increased the rhetoric and coherence of the book.
To better understand why Nasavi uses the association of ideas, unlike traditional rhetoric, one can go beyond the level of words and sentences and pay attention to the paragraph and the whole work. The words that come to mind are sometimes associated only with the words before and after, sometimes with the lines before and after (the association of ideas in the vertical axis), sometimes with the paragraphs before and after, and sometimes with the texture of the text. Thus, the association of ideas in Nafthat ol-Masdur implicitly implies many meanings and concepts to the audience and can be examined from the perspective of ‘structuralism stylistics’. Although the sentences of Nafthat ol-Masdur are each based on verbiage, the totality of the work can be considered based on brevity, considering the number of pages and the adventures told. The association of ideas is one of the tools that has helped to the brevity of the whole work; because other concepts can be conveyed to the reader without adding additional words.
From a psychological point of view, this Nasavi's stylistic feature can also be seen: whenever Nasavi wants to express emotions deeply (for example, for more blame) or to observe politeness, the frequency of the association of ideas also increases. Also, the fact that Nasavi has used some of the association of ideas possibly unknowingly, according to the author, can be a way to enter his subconscious. Just as Freud, Lacan, and others used the term ‘dream’ to discover the subconscious and the hidden layers of the mind, so the literary critic can view the text as a dream and, by using it, move to the depths of the writer's mind.
The association of ideas has been used in Kalila and Demna and Marzbannameh with low and high frequencies before Nafthat ol-Masdur . Therefore, Nasavi can be considered as one of the first writers of euphuism who used the association of ideas with high frequency as one of his stylistic features.
It is necessary to pay attention to the ancient writing style in discovering more about the association of ideas and realizing the mastery of Nasavi. Careful consideration of this point is also helpful in editing ancient texts, and it is appropriate for editors and researchers of manuscripts to become more and more familiar with the association of ideas. Sometimes there are several associations of ideas in a line at the same time, which is another reason for proving Nasavi's conscious use of the association of ideas and the capacity of words.
The author has found a total of 570 examples of the association of ideas in the form of thirteen types, and of course he does not claim that he has searched all the association of ideas. Finally, it seems that due to Nasavi's dominance in Persian and Arabic literature, the widespread use of the ‘association of thoughts’ is often conscious and deliberate.
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