Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM)

This study is aimed to explore the structural relationships among the factors affecting the employees' voice. To do so, by reviewing the literature a series of factors influencing the occurrence of organizational voice was identified and then the opinions of 15 senior and middle managers and academic professors about the relationships between these factors were examined. Finally, data were analyzed by utilizing the Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) and Fuzzy MICMAC methods. According to findings, organizational culture has an underlying role in organizational voice. In fact, it can be said that existence of an ideal organizational culture can be reflected in the improvement of employees’ knowledge, understanding about the organization, awareness and their experiences. These factors also increase the psychological safety and eventually, their self-confidence. Moreover, employees’ self-confidence also influences the willingness of organization for accepting and valuing their voice, their change commitment, job satisfaction and openness to experience. Finally, in an interaction to each other, these factors increase the employees’ courage to express their ideas. As a general result, this research showed that the appearance of organizational voice is a sign of the existence of an organization's desirable culture.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to design a participatory decision-making model for teachers of the second year of secondary education in Lorestan province. In this regard, first, using library and field studies, the components of teachers' participatory decision-making were initially identified. Then, using interviews with experts and based on the Delphi method, the identified factors are finalized. Statistical society is given by the teachers of the second year of secondary education in Lorestan province. Methodology: The research was finalized using Delphi method including 5 main indicators of individual-personality traits, team-collective characteristics, communication-social characteristics, organizational characteristics and technical-specialized characteristics and related sub-indices. Then, using identified factors and based on interpretive structural modeling (ISM), a native model of teachers' participatory decision making was presented. Findings: Relationships between factors indicate the effectiveness of improving and eliminating challenges and promoting the participatory decision-making model of teachers. Conclusion: The factor of organizational characteristics is the most effective factor if factors such as individual-personality characteristics and communication-social characteristics have both effectiveness and effectiveness, as well as team-collective characteristics and technical-professional characteristics among the mentioned factors, only It is effective in determining the levels of effectiveness of the proposed indigenous model, practical suggestions were provided to address the challenges.

Due to the rapid changes and developments caused by technology in the digital age and the growing importance of achieving sustainability for the survival of businesses, the need to create the capabilities needed to innovate in the business model of organizations has become inevitable. This research is trying to provide a model for business model innovation with the aim of sustainability by considering the external factor of digitalization (digital transformation) and the internal factor of dynamic capabilities. The method of this research is mixed so that in the first stage the qualitative method of Meta-Synthesis is used and in the second stage the quantitative method of Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) is used. In this research, based on the systematic review of previous researches in scientific databases, 402 related articles were identified and then 46 final articles were selected during the screening process. Based on the thematic analysis, a total of 4 main categories and 14 factors were extracted. In the second stage of the research, an interpretive structural model (ISM) is developed to show the inter‐relationship of different factors and their levels of importance in the food industry.   The 8-level hierarchy model of factors influencing the sustainable business model innovation in the digital age with a dynamic capabilities approach was proposed. Results show that a new component called network value has been added to the traditional business model components. Furthermore, the MICMAC approach has been used to categorise factors according to their driving power and dependence. finally, digital technologies and Sensing were found to be the factors with the highest independence and the highest driving power, and “Economic Sustainability” was identified as the factor with the highest dependence and the least driving power

  Diversity of economic activities, agglomeration of educational centers, concentration on technological initiatives and information generation, possession of the most important cultural centers, and arrangement of the most significant artistic and cultural events in Tehran Metropolis have provided a large-scale potential for cultural and educational activities and a special condition for cultural tourism development; however, tourism development plans adopted by Tehran officials are slight proportional to its regional capacities and have thus proved unsuccessful to reach a perceptible and appropriate tourism development. The chief objective borne by this research is, accordingly, identification of the factors and indices impacting on Tehran’s cultural tourism development, which, with respect to sundry commonalities of this type of tourism and creative and cultural industries, focuses on these factors, as well. Indices have been extracted through literature reviews and their content analysis. Using Delphi questionnaire, afterwards, experts’ and urban planners’ opinions and comments were extracted in two stages. Results of the first stage of Delphi questionnaires graded indices in Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM). Outcomes of the second stage were analyzed byMICMAC software to determine impacts and susceptibilities of the indices on each other. Results of the study show that the index Rules and Regulations is graded in the level 10 and the indices ‘ Suitable Institutional Partnership and Labor Division among Different Actors of Industry’, ‘Political and International Relations’, and ‘Existence of Cultural Tourism Attractions’ are graded in the level 9 aimed at development of Tehran Metropolis’s cultural tourism. In fact, indices of the levels 9 and 10 are fundamental ones to which more attention should be paid with regard to results of interpretive-structural analysis in development of Tehran cultural tourism.  

Online social media is an important innovation that has attracted individuals and companies. The purpose of this study is to "develop an online social media marketing model about consumer buying behavior". This utilizes a mixed-method (qualitative and quantitative). This study uses the research literature to extract the indicators, then, finalizes them by the Delphi technique in three different rounds. The study develops the qualitative model of the research based on the opinions of 20 experts as well as the application of Interpretive Structural Modelling (ISM) and MICMAC analysis. In the quantitative part, the study uses the Partial Least Squares (PLS) technique to implement SEM, validate, and test the predictive relevance of the initial model. This study applies Cohen's formula and determines 460 individuals as sample. The sampling method is non-probability. Furthermore, the statistical population of the study consists of online social media users from all over Iran. In this study, 9 key factors have been identified, modeled and analyzed. According to the MICMAC analysis results, perceived security (with the highest driving power) is identified as the driving indicator, and value co-creation (with the highest dependence) is identified as the result or target indicator. The ISM based model is validated using SEM and 15 hypotheses were checked using SEM-PLS technique, also all hypotheses except the second hypothesis were confirmed. Finally The findings confirmed Goodness of Fitness and ideal predictive relevance of the model.

Background: Sport heritage is increasingly being recognized as a potent instigator of tourism. The convergence of heritage, sport and tourism involves many different and diverse fields, including sport tourism, heritage tourism, sport management. Aim: The purpose of this study was to identify the effective factors on the development of heritage sports tourism with an interpretive structural modeling approach (ISM). Materials and Methods: The present research is applied, qualitative and analytical in terms of nature and purpose, data retrieval, and data analysis method, respectively based on interpretive structural modeling. Data collection tools in this study were library studies, interview and questionnaire based on interpretive structural modeling. In order to identify the factors affecting the development of heritage sports tourism, with the collective agreement of experts and reviewing the research literature, 16 factors affecting the development of heritage sports tourism were identified. Results: According to the third step of the ISM method, the effective factors on the development of heritage sports tourism were classified into 7 levels and the political and governmental dimensions along with the rule of law were at the lowest level of the model (seventh level); these are prioritized in terms of implementation over other dimensions. As a result, officials and managers in the field of tourism and sports tourism should pay special attention to these dimensions in order to provide the ground for the emergence and realization of other dimensions at higher levels of the model. Finally, based on the analysis matrix of influence and dependence, it was determined that the political and governmental dimensions, rule of law, management and supportive factors are among the influence factors; economic dimensions, socio-cultural factors, infrastructure and welfare services, education and research, specialized human resources, technology, heritage sports tourism attractions, heritage, marketing and information and international relations are among the linking factors; and the dimensions of safety and security, complementary attractions and sporting events are among the dependent factors in this research. Conclusion: According to the results of the model, for the development of heritage sports tourism, there must be a serious determination. In this regard, the policies of a nation must be progressive, and in the first step, government with a decisive role must provide the infrastructure.

Industrial development depends on planning and formulation of strategy and systematic policies. The purpose of this research is to analysis phase of conventional strategies in order to progress of Iran’s industry in the international atmosphere. The statistical community of this study is included of experts and academic pundits. To do this at first identification of significant conventional industry’s strategy was determined. six strategies was founded and then was specified, using the criticality of each phase’s approach. According to data analysis, efficiency of technology transfer on industrial progress is more than other elements. On the second rank, domestic and foreign investment’s strategies, development of parent industries, development of infrastructure industries and designing strategy and industrial policies and finally government support strategies has been placed at the lowest level that means third rank. Therefore technology transfer plan was recognized as the most important strategy and specially it should be considered as the strongest strategy for developing industry. The insight that this model offers to managers and decision makers of the country’s industry can help them to plane strategy for developing.