Resilience

INTRODUCTION: Supply chains face various disruptions from human-made to natural disasters preventing proper flow of materials and products. This problem is more important in the healthcare supply chains, especially the blood supply chains, in which human lives are at risk. Making the supply chains resilient, recently addressed by managers and researchers, can be a good way to tackle them. This study aimed to identify the most important disruptions and associated resilience strategies in the blood supply chain of Tehran, Iran, and prioritize the identified strategies based on the disruptions. METHODS: In the current study, important disruptions and associated appropriate resilience strategies were determined using previous studies and Delphi method. Then, the most important resilience strategies were identified and prioritized proposing the House of Quality and Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA) as a novel hybrid approach. FINDINGS: A total of 9 disruptions and 16 resilience strategies were determined by reviewing previous studies and asking for expert opinions. The suggested hybrid model also contributed to determining the importance of each strategy in addressing disruptions and prioritizing them in the blood supply chain of Tehran. CONCLUSION: Those strategies with high importance and low performance, such as flexibility or risk management culture, are of great importance and should be considered by managers and improved according to IPA. In addition, other strategies, such as social responsibility or redundancy, should be continued in the current way.

INTRODUCTION: Resilience is recognized as the potential capacity of a system or community to adapt or resist change in order to maintain an appropriate level of performance and structure. Moreover, governments adopt a variety of strategies to mitigate the effects of natural disasters. In this regard, the rural Hadi project is an efficient method for rural physical management. The present study aimed to assess the effects of Hadi project implementation on rural resilience. METHODS: The current study sought to investigate the effect of Hadi project implementation on the resilience of rural settlements in the villages of Oraman district. This descriptive-analytical study was conducted based on survey design. The statistical population of the present study consisted of the heads of households living in Oraman Takht district in which the Hadi project has been implemented at least 5 years ago. The participants were selected via the convenience sampling method. The data were analyzed using factor analysis, indexing, chi-square, Friedman test, and stepwise regression. FINDINGS: Based on the results, the rural Hadi project had a positive significant effect on all the considered indicators (α=0.05). The effect size of this project on different dimensions of resilience was as follows: social resilience (257.45), economic resilience (208.95), institutional resilience (115.86), and environmental-physical resilience (196.69). Furthermore, a high correlation (0.993) was detected between the independent variable and the dependent variable. According to Friedman test, the greatest effect was exerted on the environmental-physical (3.23), institutional (3.00), economic (1.94), and social (1.51) dimensions, respectively. CONCLUSION: As evidenced by the obtained results, the implementation of the rural Hadi project affected all rural resilience indicators. The implementation of this project exerted the most and least significant impact on the physical-environmental and social indicators, respectively. In fact, the implementation of this project is one of the effective methods for the enhancement of rural resilience indicators. Confirmatory factor analysis also verified the positive effect of Hadi project implementation on resilience indicators

INTRODUCTION: Resilience is considered a way of strengthening societies using their capacities which can be defined as the ability of systems to adapt to changes without collapsing at the incidence of disasters. To understand resilience and the way it is analyzed at the community level, it is necessary to study the society's current condition and policies, as well as the measures adopted to reduce risk and how the risks in society are dealt with. This study aimed to assess the resilience of urban communities in the face of an earthquake. METHODS: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted using a questionnaire to collect the required data in Semnan, Iran, in 2019. The statistical population of this study (n=384) consisted of the citizens of Semnan selected using the Cochran formula and random sampling method. The collected data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 23) using mean and percentage for descriptive analysis and Pearson correlation coefficient and one-sample t-test for inferential statistical tests. FINDINGS: Based on the results, the sociocultural, infrastructural-physical, economic, and institutional-organizational dimensions showed the current condition of resilience in Semnan with the mean scores obtained as 2.59, 3.05, 2.17, and 2.56, respectively. It was also revealed that resilience had a significant relationship with age, education, income, accommodation ownership, employment, calculated by the Pearson correlation coefficient (P-value=0.99). CONCLUSION: The mean scores and significance level of the economic resilience in Semnan revealed that this city lacked economic resilience. In this regard, it can be noted that residents' lack of skills in other fields and jobs, lack of possessions outside the city, the vulnerability of residents' properties and assets, level of economic poverty in the city, citizens' limited financial ability to participate economically, and low level of household savings to compensate for earthquake damage have made returning to pre-crisis conditions highly difficult for citizens, and consequently, they cannot be economically resilient.

INTRODUCTION: The structure of the urban platform of Tehran and its physical characteristics depends on the inherent conditions and environmental thresholds in relation to changes. This study aimed to determine the natural landscapes of Tehran by two phenomena of earthquake and flood that posed the highest risk in different periods of this city. Therefore, the natural perspective of Tehran is divided into three perspectives of north, central, and south regarding the inherent features and evolutionary process. METHODS: The relationship between the perspective of Tehran based on the form and geomorphological processes and the evaluation of earthquake and flood hazards have been observed in four stages, which included data collection, data processing, calculation of indicators, and analysis of findings. The studied area was divided into three northern, central, and south urban landscapes to determine the resistance thresholds of the city according to the characteristics of topography, physiography, geology, the results of field studies and satellite images, aerial photographs, as well as paleogeomorphological research in Tehran. FINDINGS: According to the zoning map of Tehran based on the earthquake phenomenon in three perspectives of north, center, and south, the highest distribution of non-resistance is observed in the northern and southern areas of the city. Northeast, southwest, and semi-western regions have the highest urban resilience to earthquakes. Moreover, regarding the zoning of Tehran based on the flood phenomenon in the three perspectives of north, center, and south, the highest distribution of non-resilience has been observed in the northern regions of the city. Northeast, southwest, and west of Tehran have the highest urban flood resilience. CONCLUSION: Based on the results of the present study, in order to increase resilience against the risks of earthquakes and floods, the city of Tehran should be studied not in just one perspective but in different perspectives.

INTRODUCTION: The rapid population growth and fast-paced development of urban texture have given rise to unwise decisions which can be only prevented by strategic management of city neighborhoods based on a vision in accordance with the common values of society. The vision development aims at determining the position a neighborhood strives to reach. In the meantime, disaster-stricken areas have a special position, considering reconstruction as a golden opportunity. The present article aimed to develop a vision for Shiroodi and Fooladi neighborhoods in Sarpol-e Zahab after the 1396 earthquake in Kermanshah province. METHODS: The present applied research was conducted based on a descriptive-analytical design. To this end, situation assessment was firstly performed in both strategic and local domains based on urban systems. For each system, the table of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) was prepared. Moreover, combining different layers, a vulnerability map and an integrated SWOT analysis map were obtained. Finally, based on these maps, field observations, interviews with residents, and expert opinions, a vision statement was presented and the necessary policies were formulated. FINDINGS: Based on the obtained results, the strengths, and opportunities, such as quick access to the main artery and the presence of barren lands, have a resilient state in response to disasters. On the other hand, weaknesses, and threats, such as construction on agricultural lands or the narrow passages, are among the factors that highlight the need to select a vision with a resilient approach to future disasters. CONCLUSION: As evidenced by the research of the study, the first stage of visioning must be based on urban systems, such as land use, movement and access, physical form, and landscape urbanism. In this regard, a vision needs to assess resilience at different physical, environmental, social, and economic levels. Furthermore, this vision should lead to the presentation of some instructions, such as the obtainment of a checkered texture, expansion of green spaces, reduction of enclosures, as well as safety in infrastructure and networks, to increase the resilience of the target neighborhood after the earthquake.

INTRODUCTION: The major events occurring in recent decades have demonstrated that human societies are constantly affected by disasters which have always posed a threat to people's lives and properties. The present study aimed to introduce and expand the concept and capacities of "the survival vehicle" in Iran. This descriptive case study was conducted based on an applied research design. METHODS: This descriptive case study was conducted based on an applied research design. The library research method was used to develop theoretical backgrounds, and to collect information, the field method was employed with observation and researcher's information. FINDINGS: Considering that rescue forces have to be present at the scene of the disaster for consecutive days and weeks, they are directly exposed to threats, injuries, shortages, and problems as affected people are. Therefore, rescue experts and the Rapid Reaction Team of the Red Crescent Society of Kurdistan Province embarked on designing and using a vehicle called "Survival vehicle" taking into account the priorities in the affected area. This vehicle maintains the strength and motivation of relief forces by meeting their basic needs. Moreover, it increases the productivity of the relief forces and facilitates disaster management by strengthening the resilience of relief workers. CONCLUSION: As evidenced by the results of the present study, the use of the survival vehicle brings about numerous positive advantages for the members of the Red Crescent rapid response team, as well as relief and operational teams, at the time of crises.

This study investigated the comparison of cognitive failures, emotional processing and resilience among the girl students with and without test anxiety. The present research is a causal-comparative study. The sample of study was 203 students studying tenth and eleventh grade in Rasht in 2019. 92 students of this sample were with test anxiety and 111 students of it were without test anxiety. The sample of study has been identified and selected from students by cluster sampling with the cutoff point of 50. The students completed Spielberger Test Anxiety Questionnaire, Baker’s Emotional Processing Scale and Connor-Davidson Psychological Resilience Scale. The data was analyzed by multivariable analysis of variance. Results showed that the students with test anxiety have higher scores in cognitive failures, also they have higher scores in emotional processing and lower scores in resilience than students without test anxiety. These results show that cognitive failures, emotional processing and resilience have determinant role in test anxiety.

Coronavirus pandemic has caused people a lot of anxiety in the past two years. The present study aims at predicting Coronavirus anxiety level based on mindfulness and resilience. It is applied research in terms of the goal; and methodologically, it is descriptive correlational research. Corona Disease Anxiety Scale (CDAS), Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) as well as The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISD) are employed to gather the data. The participants of the study include all Rahman Institute of Higher Education students in the academic year 2020-2021. A total of 260 (147 male and 113 female) students are chosen based on convenience sampling for whom the questionnaires are administered on-line. Statistical data analysis is based on regression analysis. The results of the multiple liner regression show that 12 percent of variance in COVID 19 anxiety is related to two of the mindfulness facets as observing and acting with awareness (p<0.01). Additionally, 19.6 percent of variance in COVID 19 anxiety is determined by mindfulness. Therefore, it is concluded that the facet of observing and resilience are related to less COVID 19 anxiety and acting with awareness is in connection with more COVID 19 anxiety in people  

Purpose: the aim of the present research was to present an aggression prediction model in teenagers based on family cohesion and communication patterns with the mediating role of resilience. Methodology : this cross-sectional study was of correlation type. The research population consisted of second grade high school students of Tehran city in academic year 2019-2020. The research sample consisted of 500 individuals chosen through multistage cluster sampling method. They responded to the following instruments: Novaco Anger Scale and Provocation (Novaco, 1986), communication patterns (Ritchie and Fitz Patrick, 1990), family cohesion (Olson et al., 1985), and resilience (Connor and Davidson, 2003). The data were analyzed by Pearson correlation coefficient and structural equations modeling in SPSS and AMOS 22. Findings : the results showed that the aggression prediction model in teenagers based on family cohesion and communication patterns with the mediating role of resilience had good fit. Further, conformity-oriented communication pattern did not have a direct significant effect on resilience and aggression in teenagers and indirect significant effect with the mediating role of resilience on aggression in them (P>0.05). However, the conversation-oriented communication pattern and family cohesion had a direct significant effect on resilience and aggression in teenagers as well as indirect significant effect with the mediating role of resilience on aggression in them (P<0.05). Conclusion : according to the obtained results, for reducing aggression in teenagers, the extent of conversation communication pattern and family cohesion can be promoted in them through organizing educational workshops.

Iran attempts to expand the non-oil exportsfor diminishing the dependency on oil export income. This research tries to examine the export and trade balance of Iran's agricultural sector. Accordingly, the gravity model was used for export, applying panel data from 1997 to 2017. Also, the trade balance of Iran's total agricultural and the related sectors’commodities was examined. It should be noted that for the trade balance, time series data from 1978 to 2018 were used. The results of the gravity model show a negative effect for the variable of distance. The coefficients of Iran’s per capita GDP and also the GDP of trading partners are positive, as expected. It was found that a one percent increase in the per capita GDP of Iran causes a rise of 3.42 percent in the export of agricultural products; however,that of importing countries haslow statistical significance. Based on the coefficient obtained for the population, an increase in the population of the importing countries raises the demand for Iran's agricultural products.The degree of trade openness revealed a positive and significant effect on the export of agricultural products. The coefficient for the real exchange rate was found to be around 0.9 percent. It was also found that the volatility of the exchange rate is related directly to the export of agricultural products. Comprehensive sanctions have a negative and significant effect, while less restricting sanctions have an insignificant effect on the export of agricultural products. The global economic crisis has also had a dampening effect on exports. For trade balance, the results show that the value added of the agriculture has a positive effect on the trade balance of entire agriculture and sectors. The real exchange rate has a negative effect on the trade balance of agricultural commodities as a whole and livestock and agronomy sectors, confirming the J-Curve theory while it was not supported for the horticultural sector. Also, the variable of exchange rate volatility was included in the model using two measures of positive and negative series of exchange rate changes and the Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (ARCH) effect, but their effect on the trade balance was not the same in terms of both the direction and statistical significance. The trade openness for the agricultural and horticultural sector was found with a positive coefficient, indicating that their production is based on comparative advantage. However, for the sectors of agronomy and livestock, it illustrated a negative effect. Sanctions have also harmed the trade balance.

Purpose- The consequences of drought and the damages inflicted on the rural community, which are major challenges confronting rural communities to achieve sustainable development, mirror the poor resilience of farmers against this risk. Therefore, the main issue of the current research is to explore the factors affecting Pakdasht farmers' drought resilience. Design/Method/Approach: This paper adopts a descriptive-analytical research method. The data collection is based on library study analysis and field surveys. The main data collection instrument is a questionnaire completed by the subjects (n=381 farmers). Data analysis was conducted using SPSS software as well as t-test, regression, analysis of variance, the COCOSO technique and the COPELAND technique. Finding- The t-test was used to investigate the drought resilience status of villagers. The socio-cultural, psychological, and economic components, except for those related to the extent of damages, environmental factors and institutional performance, and the scale of civil and physical development in the region under study, were in a balanced and favorable condition, but the items of the institutional framework, institutional relations, and technological level and infrastructure were not desirable. The correlation between researches indices in the region is 0.747, meaning that mentioned indices can explain 74% of the variances. The result of the ANOVA test suggested that the villages of Pakdasht County were not significantly different in terms of the psychological index (Sig=0.085) of resilience. Informed by the findings of the COCOSO technique, the farmers of Filestan village are more drought-resistant than the farmers in other villages. Greater participation of people, diversity of economic activities, appropriate physical and civil development, technological advancement and more suitable infrastructure are some of the factors that contribute to the higher resilience of farmers in this village. According to Copeland’s method, the variables of education and awareness as well as the diversity of economic activities of the farmer's household ranked high in terms of importance. Originality/value- The results of this research can help organizations in charge of handling drought in the villages of Pakdasht to gain deeper insights into the existing conditions so that they can enhance the resilience of farmers during drought using the presented solutions. It also allows officials to diversify economic activities and promote complementary businesses as effectively as possible.

Purpose- Owramanat County in Kermanshah province with 14 tourism regions, is one of the best tourist destinations of Kermanshah province, in which the tourism activists have faced challenges during the period of the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate and analyze the resilience of rural tourism and identify the key drivers affecting it in the face of Covid-19 pandemic in Owramanat County. Design/methodology/approach- the present applied, quantitative study has been conducted with a combined approach (combination of descriptive-analytical and exploratory methods). The questionnaire method was used for data collection and its validity and reliability have been confirmed by observing scientific principles. In order to achieve the purposes of the study, the opinions of 150 people from the local community active in the field of tourism were used to evaluate the resilience, and the opinions of 30 experts were used to identify the primary factors affecting the resilience and also the views of 25 experts were taken into consideration in order to identify the key drivers affecting the resilience of rural tourism. The SPSS and MICMAC software were used to analyze the collected data. Findings- The research findings showed that, the average of four variables including local government budget, environmental knowledge, community welfare, and social support system as the main components of the resilience of rural tourism were 1.757, 2.358, 1.808, and 2.295 respectively and have been significantly lower than the base average. The overall assessment results showed that the calculated average with a value of 2.014 has been significantly lower than the medium level. The results also showed that, among 17 factors affecting the resilience of tourism, 5 factors of government financial support, financial capital, sanitary equipment, infrastructural facilities and disease control are the most effective key drivers on resilience. Originality/ value- Evaluation and analysis of the resilience of rural tourism in the face of Covid-19 pandemic with an approach of presenting the key indicators and variables in this field and also identification of key drivers affecting the resilience of rural tourism have received less attention from researchers and this proves the originality of the present study.

Objective: Spiritual therapy is recognized as an effective treatment for most psychological problems. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of group spiritual therapy on resilience and coping styles of families of addicts who are quitting drugs. Method: The reasech method was quasi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test and a control group design. The statistical population included all families of addicts who were quitting in a camp in Shahrekord city for a period of 3 months in 2020. The statistical sample consisted of 30 families of these addicts who were selected through the purposeful sampling method and randomly assigned into experimental and control groups. The instruments used in this study were the Connor and Davidson Resilience Scale, and the Moss and Billings Coping Styles Questionnaire. Spiritual group therapy was held in 11 sessions of 90 minutes for a month and a half for the experimental group. The collected data were analyzed by covariance analysis using SPSS-21 software. Results: The results showed that group spiritual therapy increased resilience (p≤0.001) and using problem-focused coping style (p≤0.001), and decreased using emotion-focused coping style (p≤0.001) in the family of addicts quitting drugs in the experimental group. Conclusion: The results indicated that spiritual group therapy can explain the high rate of change related to resilience and coping styles of families of addicts seeking treatment.

The present study aimed to provide the structural modeling of students' dependence on social networks without parents' involvement according to the mediating role of resilience. The research was correlational in terms of the type of design and had a structural equation method, and its statistical population consisted of all female (1145) and male (1249) adolescents in Zarrin Shahr in the academic year of 2021-2022. Using the convenience sampling method, 200 students were selected and asked to answer the questionnaire about dependence on social networks by Haghayegh, Kajbaf, Nikbakht, et al. (2016), Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RIS) (2003), and the parents' educational involvement questionnaire by Grolnick et al. (2000). Research data were analyzed using AMOS software and structural equation modeling (SEM). The tested models were confirmed in resilience, involvement at school, home, and cognitive and personal components. Furthermore, there were significant negative relationships between all dimensions of educational involvement and dependence on social networks. Based on the above-mentioned findings, adolescents belonging to families with less educational involvement were more exposed to being dependent on social networks, and resilience, as a learned skill that was affected by familial factors and could also affect them, could decrease or increase this vulnerability.

INTRODUCTION: This research was conducted with the aim of providing a model of public education based on social participation for the resilience of Tehran's urban society in natural disasters especially earthquakes. METHODS: This qualitative research was done by Delphi method. About 15 experts and decision-makers in the field of natural disasters and crisis management were selected to participate in the research through a targeted process by using the snowball method. FINDINGS: The findings showed that the participation of the public including mental and objective participation and having a cooperative spirit can have an impact on public education. In addition, this education is effective on the resilience of the public with social, economic, cultural, and institutional components and can bring the consequences of sustainable development. CONCLUSION: According to the results, the resilience fields such as information and communication infrastructure, physical infrastructure and supportive policies can provide a platform for resilience in the society; however, interveners such as demographic characteristics and geographical characteristics should not be ignored

The athlete's skills and psychological state often influence success in sports performance. The current study aims to explain the performance in paintball competitions based on cognitive resilience and cognitive regulation of emotion. The study participants included all paintball players participating in national paintball competitions (the year 2022), including 17 teams of 7 players, a total of 116 people. In order to investigate the psychological components affecting the athletes' performance, Conner-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) and Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) were used. After completing these questionnaires, IBM SPSS Statistics version 26 was used to analyze the data. Pearson's correlation coefficient and stepwise regression were used to analyze the data. The results showed a significant relationship between resilience scores, the overall score of cognitive emotion regulation, and the scores of 9 emotion regulation strategies with the players' performance in the paintball competition (P≤0.05). Players who achieved better results in tournaments, scored higher on the resilience factor. Also, players who achieved better results in matches had higher scores on emotion regulation strategies like self-blame, positive refocusing, refocus on planning, positive reappraisal, and putting into perspective, and lower scores on the acceptance, rumination, catastrophizing and other-blame strategies. This study showed that cognitive resilience and emotion regulation could be used as predictors of success and winning positions in paintball competitions.

The purpose of the study is to develop and test an analytical model for resilience assessment of supply chain risks against the risks of system and its individual tiers. In this regard a multi-method research approach is adopted as follows: By using data envelopment analysis (DEA) and fuzzy set theory, a fuzzy network DEA model has been proposed to assess risk in overall supply chains and their individual tiers. The proposed model is tested by surveying of 130 people as selective petrochemical companies in Iran. The survey results show a substantial variation in resilience ratings between the overall petrochemical supply chains and their individual tiers. The research findings indicate that system resilience is not necessarily indicative of the resilience of its individual tiers. On the other hand, high efficiency scores in supply chain tiers have limited influence on overall resilience of supply chain. The proposed analytical model enables the assessment of supply chain flexibility at different levels for a wide range of supply chain risks in upstream, downstream and downstream process-es.

AbstractThe resilience of teachers has arisen as a crucial issue in developing exceptional teaching and learning experiences. It is imperative to foster resilience, which entails the capacity to endure and overcome obstacles and challenges encountered during the teaching process. Additionally, research has demonstrated that the self-efficacy of instructors is pivotal in this regard. To investigate these features, this research aimed to inspect the role of International English Language Testing System (IELTS) teachers' resilience and self-efficacy. To this end, a total of 60 IELTS teachers were chosen from Oxford Language Center, Tehran, Iran thanks to the convenient sampling and they completed a self-efficacy scale, and a resilience scale and were assigned to experimental and control groups that the former were trained through self-efficacy workshop training course in Oxford IELTS center in Tehran, Iran. The findings of this study through running an Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) indicated a constructive effect of self-efficacy on IELTS teachers' resilience after the workshop training course (F (1,57) = 60.00, p = .000 < .01, partial eta squared = .513, representing a large effect size). Correspondingly, it was revealed through Pearson Product-Moment Correlation that there is a positive and significant correlation between IELTS teachers’ self-efficacy and resilience (r = .462, p = .01 < .05). This study helps IELTS teachers improve their resilience. In line with these findings, some implications were presented to language stakeholders to consider the role of teacher self-efficacy.

Objective: This study attempted to use resilience-based cognitive-behavioral intervention (R-CBT) through online learning to reduce COVID-19 anxiety and improve psychological well-being. Method: Fourteen Payame Noor University Telephone Counseling Center students with Corona anxiety, who were selected by volunteer sampling, received nine sessions of R-CBT using a learning management system (LMS). The participants completed the Corona Disease Anxiety Scale (Alipour et al.020) and Ryff Scales of Psychological Well-being (Ryff, 1989) in pre-test, post-test, and follow-up. Finally, the data were analyzed using repeated measures. Results: The results demonstrated the significant effect of R-CBT on COVID-19 anxiety and psychological well-being (p<0.0001). LSD post-hoc test indicated a significant difference (p<0.05) among the pre-test, post-test, and follow-up stages regarding COVID-19 anxiety. Accordingly, the level of anxiety decreased in the post-test and follow-up stage. The results also revealed a significant difference among pre-test, post-test, and follow-up stages in regarding psychological well-being (p<0.05) . Accordingly, the level of psychological well-being increased in the post-test and follow-up stage. However, no significant difference was observed between the post-test and follow-up stages, which highlighted the non-stability of the effect of the intervention over time. Conclusion: According to the results, it could be concluded that online sessions of R-CBT were effective likewise in-person sessions and could be used in pandemic conditions or long-distance therapy to improve psychological condition of anxious patients .