Data Envelopment Analysis

There is little consensus on the corporate diversification-efficiency relationship in the diversification literature. According to the corporate diversification, firms have a tendency to get more market share with diversifying in the local segment or in the international market. Theoretically, a contradictory exists between the profitable strategy and the value reducing strategy in the diversification strategy. In this paper, we measure firm’s efficiency by applying Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) in manufacturing firms listed in Bursa Malaysia for five years. Meanwhile, a feed forward multilayer perceptron neural network is applied to model the mapping function between the input and output data to the efficiency score. Back propagation (BP) learning algorithm is applied to update network’s weights through minimizing the cost function, and the best topology of the network is conducted. The result of this study shows that there is a negative relationship between total product diversification and efficiency, and international diversification has a non-linear effect on the efficiency.

In this research, we evaluated performance analysis and ranking of insurance companies listed on the capital market of Iran using data envelopment analysis. In respect of the target the research is applied. The type of research design relying on historical data, is event following and inductive method is inference. The study is consisted of a key question and three sub-questions. This research studies the insurance companies listed on the capital market over a three-year period (2013-2015). Finally, according to the study, data was collected from 9 companies. To document the results of the statistical analysis and providing solutions, using SPSS software, Excel and GE MS we attempted to analyse the questions. At the end, the ranking resulted to the conclusion that the most efficient insurance companies of capital markets, are as follows: Alborz, Dana, Sina, Moalem, Asia, Pasargad, Parsian and Saman. 

The research provides a systematic method for assessing the financial performance of the banks. The analysis is based on a set of benchmarks related to the financial performance of the banks. In this regard, this research has explored a model for evaluating accepted banks in Tehran Stock Exchange using the data envelopment analysis method. The purpose of this research is to apply the research method. Also, the data collection method is a direct observation, interview and library method and a tool for collecting data from stock databases. The statistical population of this study is Tehran Stock Exchange member banks. Selection of inputs and outputs of this research has been done according to similar research. Inputs include public and administrative costs, income and output, including net profit. Also, according to the analysis done by the DEA models, it is selected for performance evaluation. Finally, the unit is either efficient or inefficient, and efficient units with The Anderson and Pearson models were ranked and eventually the Bank of Pasargad and the Gwain Bank ranked.

Given the rapid development of the banking sector, it is reasonable to expect that the performance of banks has become the centre of attention among bank managers, stakeholders, policy makers, and regulators. In order to maximizing the share-holders’ satisfactory level, two bank efficiency measurement approaches, i.e. the production approach and the user cost approach, which are financial evaluations, are employed. The evaluations are done by means of data envelopment analysis method. The proposed methodology is run on the 15 privet bank branches in Markazi province. By using this approach, four regions that show the various performances are obtained. In addition the status of returns to scale for each bank branch is calculated.

One of the most important applications of data envelopment analysis tech-nique is measuring the efficiency of bank branches. Performance measure-ment in the banking industry is important for several groups, including bank managers, customers, investors, and shareholders. The purpose of this study is to examine and design a mixed structure to measure the efficiency of branches of Iranian banks according to their policies. In order to obtain the efficiency of the structure divisions proposed in this study, a slack-based NDEA model was selected to solve its mathematical model. The study sam-ple consists of 31 branches of a large commercial bank in Iran. The ad-vantage of this research to previous studies is that the result will be more realistic considering the inputs and outputs consistent with Iran's banking conditions.

The purpose of this study is to develop portfolio optimization and assets allocation using our proposed models. The study is based on a non-parametric efficiency analysis tool, namely Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). Conventional DEA models assume non-negative data for inputs and outputs. However, many of these data take the negative value, therefore we propose the MeanSharp-βRisk (MShβR) model and the Multi-Objective MeanSharp-βRisk (MOMShβR) model base on Range Directional Measure (RDM) that can take positive and negative values. We utilize different risk measures in these models consist of variance, semivariance, Value at Risk (VaR) and Conditional Value at Risk (CVaR) to find the best one as input. After using our proposed models, the efficient stock companies will be selected for making the portfolio. Then, by using Multi-Objective Decision Making (MODM) model we specified the capital allocation to the stock companies that selected for the portfolio. Finally, a numerical example of the Iranian stock companies is presented to demonstrate the usefulness and effectiveness of our models, and compare different risk measures together in our models and allocate assets.

he financial management field has witnessed significant developments in recent years to help decision makers, managers and investors, to made optimal decisions. In this regard, the institutions investment strategies and their evaluation methods continuously change with the rapid transfer of information and access to the fi- nancial data. When information is available as several inputs and output factors, the data envelopment analysis (DEA) applies to calculate the efficiency of com- panies. Distinguishing efficient companies from inefficient ones, makes it possi- ble for the financial managers to select suitable portfolios. The discriminating power of DEA depends on the number of companies under evaluation and the number of inputs and outputs. When the number of inputs and outputs are high compared to the number of units, most of the units will be evaluated as efficient, thus the discriminating power of DEA decreases and the results are not reliable. To deal with this problem, the Quick-Reduct algorithm of the rough set theory (RST) was used in this study to reduce inputs or outputs. It should be noted that the advantage of this algorithm is its ability to use negative data.

 Given that improvement in efficiency is a major resource to economic development, this can be applied to each domestic sector of an economy. The objective of this paper is to measure technical efficiency of the Iranian Post Company across the country€™s provinces using data envelopment analysis (DEA). The ranking of technical efficiency has been calculated by using collected data on post offices across 32 Iranian provinces in 2011 based on assumption of constant return to scale imposed.   The study has specified two models of DEA to explore efficiency of post offices for all Iranian provinces. The first model has shown that provinces of Alborz, Semnan, Mazandaran, Isfahan, Tehran and Bushehr are technically efficient, while the second model has clarified the efficient units, which have been located in the 13th, 14th and 19th zones of Tehran province and the 16th zone of Bushehr province.  JEL Classification: C14, L87

Nowadays, the great benefits of cloud computing have dramatically increased the number of e-banking users. Hence, the competition in the banking industry has boosted and managers need to evaluate their branches on a regular basis. To this end, this study aims to evaluate cloud-based banking systems based on the Quality of Service (QoS) attributes using the Dynamic Network Data Envelopment Analysis (DNDEA) model. The main advantage of this research is that the efficiency of cloud-based bank branches can be estimated more realistically according to their internal structure over a specific time span. To conduct the experiment, 40 bank branches in Iran are analyzed by considering between-period and divisional interactions during 2018-2019. A cloud-based bank branch is conceptualized as a set of three inter-connected divisions including capabilities, intermediate process, and profitabilities. Some outputs of sub-DMUs 2 and 3 are treated as desirable and undesirable carry-overs between consecutive periods. In addition, the cost items and QoS attributes are considered as the inputs and outputs of divisions, respectively. The results indicate that 28 bank branches were efficient and all of the inefficiencies fall in divisions 1 and 3. Moreover, the number of efficient branches has been reduced from 2018 to 2019.

The present study provides a systematic method for assessing the efficiency and soundness of banks. The analysis is based on a set of benchmarks related to the financial performance of banks. In this regard, this research has explored a model for evaluating accepted banks in Tehran Stock Exchange using the data envelopment analysis method. One of the most important applications of this technique is measuring the efficiency of bank branches. In addition, paying special attention to the health of the banking system corresponds to the health of the society’s economics. It is essential to implement precise analysis benchmarks to evaluate banks and other financial institutions due to their importance in the economics. One of these benchmarks is efficiency. In this study, 18 Iranian business banks have been analysed using data envelopment analysis on the basis of financial ratios. Also, their efficiency has been computed using the output-based CCR envelopment model, assuming a constant efficiency-scale ratio. The results suggest that Gardeshgari bank has been selected as the most efficient and healthy bank between 2011 and 2015 on the basis of financial and non-financial criteria, and using the trapezoidal fuzzy number method.

It is of special importance to procure medicines as strategic commodities . The purpose of this study is to manage a drug supply network using a non-radial data envelopment analysis (DEA) model. This study is conducted in private hospitals in Tehran. In this regard, a drug supply chain at three levels of suppliers, distributors, and consumers (pharmacies and hospitals) is examined. Indicators and limitations of the network are identified and then the appropriate model is formulated using mathematical equations on the basis of a non-radial DEA model. In order to validate the proposed model, data related to 30 hospitals during 2019 and 2020 is evaluated. According to this model, 5 hospitals had efficient supply networks and 25 hospitals had deficient supply networks. The proposed new model is able to evaluate the multilevel supply network and intermediate components in hospitals. The problems of the drug supply network are due to the increase in demands for the time period under consideration and the existence of inconsistencies in the drug supply chain in hospitals, which has led to an increase in inefficient hospitals.

The present study aimed to rank banks in terms of board of directors report and notifying the users of reports. In addition, we evaluated factors affecting risk disclosure from the perspective of corporate governance. Moreover, we assessed risk disclosure based on linguistic analysis of board report text and capital adequacy ratio. Words were applied as measurement units to measure risk disclosure. The advantage of this technique is the unique analysis of words. According to the theoretical foundations presented in the present study, we first identified risk disclosure words in reports provided to financial information users and divided them into two categories of positive and negative risk disclosure words. Another variable selected for risk disclosure was capital adequacy ratio. Effective variables in corporate governance system in banks included the board independence, duality of CEO duties, and major shareholders as input variables in data envelopment analysis (DEA) model. On the other hand, the BCC model of DEA was selected as output-based nature. The statistical population included all banks listed in Tehran Stock Exchange. In total, 20 year-bank units listed during 2016-2017 were assessed. In the end, seven year-bank units were considered efficient while the rest were inefficient. Moreover, we estimated the amount of shortage in outputs to reach inefficient banks to the desired level of efficiency.

The Malmquist Index (MI) is a tool for analyzing the productivity. Considering its importance, different suggestions and studies have been offered on the Cost Malmquist Productivity Index (CMPI) according to existing conditions of decision making units (DMUs) and the available data. The present research aimed to provide a CMPI in a non-competitive environment in which the price data changes from one evaluation unit to another. Given the deficiency of Farrel’s cost efficiency (1957) and also the cost efficiency model presented by Tone (2002), and by taking advantage of the idea of changing the productivity of DMUs at different time periods, we presented cost Malmquist Productivity Index in the presence of non-identical prices for various DMUs, Then, we evaluate the data of the Iranian Stock Exchange by aforementioned Cost Malmquist Productivity index

Information technology is becoming a basic tool for many industries, as well as creating an opportunity for direct active communication of all market participants, which significantly increases competition. As a result, customers have a very large selection of goods and services, fairly easy access to them, and significant price diversification. All this leads to new requirements for modern marketing. Modern marketing significantly changes not only the functions but also the approaches to business processes. A highly competitive environment requires companies to use a system of interconnected marketing tools using an integrated marketing approach. The paper is devoted to investigating advertising prices and advertising strategies of Google. The list of major Google products is analyzed. The relevance of advertising strategies to goals, ad placement, message creation, budget constraints, and ad delivery is determined. The difference in advertising prices in different countries has been studied. The cost per click analysis of European countries is carried out. Using the DEA model analyzed advertisement efficiency by VRS technology and input-oriented efficiency for European countries.

Due to their inherent nature in the economy, banks have a fundamental and significant responsibility for capital formation. Therefore, evaluating their performance can help decision makers find the optimal solution and prevent financial distress. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the performance and forecast financial distress of banks listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange, based on CAMELS indicators and ِ Data Envelopment Analysis model.  First, using the data of 17 banks in the fiscal year 2018, 5 levels of determining the health of banks, in the form of differences between the performance of these banks in terms of capital adequacy, quality of assets, quality of management, Earning and liquidity and  sensitivity to market risk, It was found. And the studied banks were divided into two groups: healthy and helpless, based on CAMELS indices. Then, according to the effects of financial distress on banks, financial distress was predicted by Data Envelopment Analysis model slacks-based on measure of efficiency (SBM) and with a different approach. The results show that 61% of the predictions were correct by DEA technique and 39% of them were incorrect. Also, the results of this study showed that CAMELS financial ratios can be a good assessor for banks' financial distress.

INTRODUCTION: Efficiency is one of the basic measures of organizational performance, and in general, refers to the degree or quality of the achievement of the desired goals. This study aimed to investigate the efficiency of Red Crescent population branches in Gilan province and rank them based on the data envelopment analysis model. METHODS: This research was applied in terms of purpose and documentary in terms of implementation. For the purposes of the study, 16 branches of the Red Crescent Society in Gilan province were analyzed with GAMS software (version 24) in 2018. In this research, the input-oriented Banker, Charnes, and Cooper model was used as one of the basic models of data envelopment analysis to measure the relative efficiency of 16 branches of the Red Crescent Society in Gilan province. Afterward, the Anderson-Peterson super-efficiency model was used to rank the efficient units. FINDINGS: Based on the findings, six branches, namely Astara, Rasht, Bandar Anzali, Tallish, Lahijan, and Sowme’eh Sara, had an efficiency score of one. In other words, they were recognized as efficient branches and could provide solutions and models as reference branches for inefficient branches to help them reach the efficiency limit. Afterward, the Anderson-Peterson super-efficiency model was used to rank the efficient units. According to this model, the efficiency scores of the studied units were more than one and the Rasht branch had the highest efficiency. CONCLUSION: The results provide researchers as well as branch managers and staff with suggestions that can help them make better decisions. An important point to keep in mind is that in order to increase the efficiency of a branch, it is necessary to reduce input costs and increase outputs based on reference branches. Due to the fact that this research uses an input-oriented approach, its purpose is to increase the indicators that enhance the efficiency of branches.