مطالب

The purpose of this research is to investigate the architectural index elements in local and Jame Mosques. “Mosque” is an allusion to a place of worship, which should be able to induce a sense of worship in its audience. The forms and roles in the building are the shapes that are influenced by the content and affect the human sensory perception and are directly related to people's beliefs and religion. Therefore, the main issue in its design is the suitability of the architecture of the mosques with their dignity and functional content. When Islam emerged, there was no idea of the principles of building a mosque and the only pattern was the Prophet's house. Iranian architectural styles have changed and evolved during different periods of history, in accordance with governments, religions and beliefs, and with the arrival of Islam, the Iranian architectural style underwent many changes. In general, several prominent elements are used in the architecture of the mosque: the courtyard, the porch, the shrine, the mihrab, the dome and the minaret. However, some mosques lack elements or some have several elements of the same element. So, in this research, by examining the historical (local and Jame) mosques of Zanjan, their architectural index elements which are unknown aspects of this research, as well as to determine the factors influencing the design of these mosques that take the ambiguous dimension of the research, it was revealed through library studies and the descriptive/analytical method of existing documents and research.

The International Court of Justice (ICJ) often faces criticism for allegedly exceeding its mandateby engaging in what some perceive as lawmaking. This debate, though not new, continues tospark significant scholarly discourse and is even echoed by some of its own judges. Althoughthe ICJ consistently denies having a lawmaking function, its practices demonstrate its role in thedevelopment of international law. This raises the question: How can the Court contribute to thedevelopment of international law, particularly in addressing gaps, if it lacks formal lawmakingcapacities? Are the criticisms of the Court exceeding its mandate valid? Existing literatureoften conflates ‘judicial legislation’ with ‘lawmaking’, creating a bottleneck in reasoning whichcausing scholars to necessarily conclude that the ICJ inevitably exceeds its judiciary mandate andengages in creating new laws. However, understanding the ICJ’s role in developing internationallaw and addressing gaps, despite its statutory limitations, requires distinguishing between ‘judicial legislation’ and ‘lawmaking’. While the latter involves creating new laws, ‘judiciallegislation’ refers to a method of interpretation for adapting existing laws and establishing newlegal relationships to address emerging legal requirements. This article goes further to identifywhich types of interpretation are most effective for such judicial legislation. By examining theapproaches of the UN International Law Commission (ILC), the article highlights ‘evolutiveinterpretation’ as a particularly suitable method. Evolutive interpretation enables the Court torejuvenate existing laws, clarify ambiguities, and develop legal frameworks for unregulatedissues – all while staying within its adjudicative-only mandate and avoiding lawmaking.