مطالب

This study conducts a comprehensive examination of the interlinkages among four key financial markets—crude oil, gold, currency, and equities—over the July 23, 2013, to March 12, 2025. This study employs the Contemporaneous and Lagged R2 Decomposed connectedness approach recently introduced by Balli et al. (2023), which allows us to decompose the connectedness among variables into lagged and contemporaneous components. As the previous approaches only show overall or contemporary results, this novel approach fills the gap in the literature. The findings reveal that most spillovers occur contemporaneously, with the U.S. dollar playing a central role in the propagation of contemporaneous shocks. In contrast, gold emerges as a significant transmitter of long-term shocks, underscoring its relevance for strategic risk management. Moreover, crude oil is the main receiver of shocks in the average and lagged connectedness in the network. Dynamic analyses indicate heightened market sensitivity during periods of geopolitical tension, particularly under intensified sanctions and currency volatility in Iran. By uncovering the evolving structure of cross-market dependencies, this research offers valuable insights for portfolio allocation, systemic risk assessment, and the formulation of responsive economic policies in times of financial stress.

The oil industry in the modern era has played a pivotal role in population growth, industrialization, and the formation of modern cities, particularly in Iran's Khuzestan province. Beyond their industrial function, oil wells have had a profound impact on urbanization, architecture, and lifestyles in Masjid I Sulaiman, serving as significant symbols. The physical development of this city accelerated with the construction of residential complexes for oil industry workers and industrial infrastructure, leading to a redefinition of Masjid I Sulaiman's urban identity at the intersection of tradition and modernity—an identity that distinguishes the city. This study examines the impact of British colonial presence and oil industry activities on the development of villa-style housing in Masjid I Sulaiman, intending to analyze the formation of this housing type under these influences. Previous studies have focused on the economic and social impacts of the oil industry; however, the effects of oil wells on spatial and architectural patterns in oil cities, such as Masjid I Sulaiman, have been underexplored. This research analyzes the role of industrial elements in shaping residential patterns by examining spatial and architectural aspects. Employing a qualitative approach, the study uses hermeneutic phenomenology and space syntax to analyze the cultural and spatial dimensions of villa-style housing. The space syntax analysis reveals that the courtyards of Bagh-e Melli and G-Type, with high integration, enhance social interactions, while Scotch Crescent, with greater spatial depth, indicates class segregation. The hermeneutic analysis portrays bungalows as multilayered texts that represent social, cultural, and economic meanings, highlighting their architectural heritage.

In recent decades, the design and construction of residential complexes in many cities have prioritized quantity over quality. This disregard for physical quality has reduced housing to a purely quantitative and market-driven commodity. This approach has, in turn, led to inefficiency in achieving social sustainability and has created a significant gap between the spatial structure and the real, diverse behavioral needs of residents. recent studies in the field of social sustainability in residential complexes have led to the identification of a key indicator called "physical desirability." This indicator, acting as the missing link between the physical and social dimensions of housing, can create a synergistic relationship between the quality of space and the collective behavior of residents. The current research aims to investigate and identify the components of physical desirability, with a focus on systematically analyzing previous studies. the research method for this study is descriptive-analytical, and data were collected through library and documentary sources. the findings show that three fundamental components—legibility, flexibility, and identity—can interact to create a foundation for sustainable housing. Legibility enhances the intelligibility and usability of a space, flexibility allows the environment to adapt to the changing needs of residents, and identity strengthens the emotional and cultural bond between people and their living environment. the results of the research indicate that physical desirability, through these components, acts as an active mediator between the spatial structure and social actions. It directly impacts the strengthening of collective security, the increase of social cohesion, and the sustainability of neighborhood interactions. Ultimately, enhancing physical desirability not only improves the quality of life for residents but can also become an effective strategy for the sustainable regeneration of contemporary residential fabrics.

This study explored the impact of etymological elaboration and captioned video on the development of English idiomatic expressions among Iraqi EFL learners. Recognizing the significance of idioms in language mastery, the research aimed to identify effective teaching strategies that enhance learners' comprehension and usage of idiomatic expressions. A sample of 70 advanced female learners, aged 19 to 26, was randomly assigned to three groups: an etymological elaboration group, a captioned video group, and a control group. The study employed a pre-test and post-test design to measure idiom familiarity before and after a 10-session treatment program. Results indicated that both etymological elaboration and captioned videos significantly improved idiom learning, with etymological elaboration proving to be the most effective method. The findings highlight the importance of integrating cognitive and multimedia strategies in EFL instruction to facilitate idiomatic expression acquisition. This study explored the impact of etymological elaboration and captioned video on the development of English idiomatic expressions among Iraqi EFL learners. Recognizing the significance of idioms in language mastery, the research aimed to identify effective teaching strategies that enhance learners' comprehension and usage of idiomatic expressions. A sample of 70 advanced female learners, aged 19 to 26, was randomly assigned to three groups: an etymological elaboration group, a captioned video group, and a control group.

This research investigated the complex processes of identity negotiation among Iraqi undergraduate students within a multilingual context. Using a mixed-methods research design, the study combined qualitative thematic analysis and quantitative data to examine how linguistic practices, such as code-switching (CS) and code-mixing (CM), act as resources for the expression of individual and social identities. Analysing transcripts from 20 episodes of Iraqi TV talk shows and interviews with 15 undergraduates, the study uncovers distinct linguistic patterns shaped by context: Arabic dominance in discussions of cultural topics and English dominance in discussions of academic and aspirational topics. The findings revealed that linguistic choices are not arbitrary but strategic, reflecting students' efforts to balance cultural heritage with global aspirations. The emergent strategies for bridging the cultural gap, making inclusivity possible, and negotiating social dynamics are CM and CS. Such findings foreground the crucial role language plays in the construction, maintenance, and negotiation of identities in complex sociolinguistic landscapes. Results for educational frameworks involve the inclusion of these insights into school frameworks and the recognition of linguistic diversity as a resource in the construction of identities and in intercultural communication.

Objectives: This study aims to investigate the effect of unconditional conservatism on capital cost, considering the role of corporate social responsibility. The research seeks to understand how these factors interact and influence the overall cost of capital for firms. Methodology/Design/Approach: To achieve this purpose, the modified model by Givoly and Hayn (2000) was employed to calculate unconditional conservatism, following the methodologies of previous studies such as Krishnan and Viswanathan (2008) and Ahmed and Dolman (2007). This model emphasizes the estimation of unconstrained conservatism based on standardized accruals relative to total assets (TA). The criteria used to measure corporate social responsibility were adapted from Anis and Utah (2016). Data were collected from a sample of 102 firms listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange over a five-year period from 2018 to 2022. Multivariate regression analysis of panel data was utilized for data analysis. Findings: The results of the hypothesis testing revealed that social responsibility has a negative and significant effect on corporate capital cost, while unconditional conservatism does not exhibit a significant effect on the cost of capital. Additionally, a positive and significant relationship was found between unconditional conservatism and social responsibility. Innovation: This research contributes to the existing literature by exploring the interplay between unconditional conservatism, corporate social responsibility, and capital costs within the context of Iranian firms. It highlights the importance of understanding how social responsibility initiatives can influence financial metrics, thereby providing practical insights for managers aiming to optimize capital costs through enhanced corporate governance practices.