مطالب

This study explores how Lacanian psychoanalysis governs and understands the mother-child relationships in Tennessee Williams' The Glass Menagerie (1944/2014) and Darren Aronofsky’s Black Swan (2010). In so doing, the primary purpose of this study has been to establish the links between the central characters' behaviors and the psychoanalytic concept of 'deferral of desire’.' The research proposes a novel aspect of 'psychoanalytic meaning' by basing it on the counter-intuitive process of evading the jouissance of actualizing and immersing oneself in one's object of desire. To support the proposition mentioned above, this study has explored the eventual fate of the children in Black Swan (Nina), and The Glass Menagerie (Tom and Laura), analyzing their respective experiences of (dis)satisfaction after their ultimate success or failure in their attempts to attain their objects of desire . This study has employed the Lacanian psychoanalytic concepts of the objet petit a and register theory to posit that satisfaction lies not in obtaining one’s object of desire, but in repeatedly failing to do so, due to the fact that possessing the object of desire shatters the lack which is the necessary condition of maintaining the desirability of the object of desire. The article concludes that while we are intuitively equipped to think of satisfaction as the effect of the realization of the object of one's desire, psychoanalytically speaking, satisfaction is found in precisely the opposite direction, that is, in a repeated failure to obtain the object of one's desire .

The main goal of managing for-profit companies is to maximize shareholders' wealth, and to achieve it, management needs to make decisions regarding the sources and uses of capital. Different theories have been tried to explain the relationship between capital structure and performance, and have estimated a different relationship for financial leverage and company performance in different conditions. Financial leverage and operational leverage are two factors that influence the performance and macro policies of the company in terms of the profitability process. This research examines the effect of operational leverage and financial leverage on the company's profitability and financial distress, and finally examines the effect of replacing these two Leverages to maximize the profitability process and reduce the risk of financial distress. The sample includes 263 companies listed in the Tehran Stock Exchange and the Iran OTC Company from 2011 to 2021, which have passed the four screening factors of this study. The fixed effect panel regression method was used to test the first and second hypotheses. The results indicate a positive relationship between operational leverage and the profitability of companies, while the relationship between financial leverage and the profitability of companies is negative. On the other hand, both Leverages increase the risk of financial helplessness. To improve profitability, operational leverage can be replaced by financial leverage. Increasing operational leverage and reducing financial leverage can be used as a tool to grow the company's profitability; however, to reduce the helplessness of the companies and improve the profitability process, operational leverage can be replaced with financial leverage. Flexibility in financing companies is more than flexibility in the operational sector; that is why replacing operational leverage with financial leverage is more appropriate to improve profitability and reduce the risk of financial helplessness.