مطالب

In urban planning, access to public spaces provides social relations for citizens. The goal of this paper is to evaluate the elderly's requirements in public spaces (case study of Sheet Bazaar, Zanjan, Iran) in order to recognize and classify their strengths and weaknesses and present more appropriate and effective strategies for their improvement. In this research, the related literature on old age and requirements of the elderly in public open spaces was reviewed and the factors affecting their use of physical places were determined at the first stage of the study. After reviewing the literature, some observations on the elderly were made and questionnaires were given to 80 users with the age of over 65 years old to serve the purpose of this study. The results of the questionnaires indicate that the frequent problems of the elderly in public open spaces were identified as follows: pollution (24.8%), pavements and roads (24.6%), traffic (14.4%), safety (12.2%), insufficiency of maintenance and management (9.6%), and socio-cultural problems (5.3%). In addition, the result of the observations in the main research area shows that the design properties had the highest and maintenance-management services had the lowest success percentages. In the end, some solutions were presented for designing new public open spaces and developing the existing spaces.

Purpose: The current research was done with employing comparative studies and its aim was developing a perceptual appropriate framework of Iranian teacher’s dispatch to schools abroad. Methodology: The Iran's dispatch component and the selective countries, (included: America, France, Germany, Canada, England, Russia, Australia, Turkish, Japan, South Korean and Singapore) was identified and extracted for the developing of a perceptual appropriate framework. Then descriptive method for validation and presenting an appropriate perceptual framework was employed. In the last three period of dispatch, all accepted teachers were included in statistical society which 250 of them, were selected in simple random sampling. Their questionnaires had a lot of components which it was needed for their dispatch in abroad. For doing this research, 54 factors in conceptual model were determined as observed variables and 8 extracted factors from exploratory factor analysis as latent variable and the dispatch of teachers as second latent variable, were determined too. Findings: The findings show that all factors had significant meaning on their own factors and management authority, selecting and protection, mastering on computer, interviewing, mastering on language, professional competence, health and test, respectively had the most load of factor and the most weight of factor in the second dispatch of teachers in abroad. Discussion: Therefore, the appropriate perceptual framework of the dispatch of Iranian teachers in abroad, was a combination of normalized components in the dispatch model of Iranian teachers and selective countries in abroad. So it's worthy that we consider the archived factors and their components which had the most load of factor in the new method of letter for the further selections.