مطالب

Today, ‘system-generation’ in the sphere of religious sciences and teachings as well as other basic affairs is among the important and critical issues now seriously considered by the elite. In regard with religious sciences and knowledge, one can achieve perfection, comprehensiveness, and good epistemic logical structure (moving from generalities and foundations to specifics and results) when the findings of those spheres are formulated in the form of an ‘intellectual system’ or ‘behavioral system’ like a general system with specified goals, enjoying coherent constituents and interactive and related components. One of the philosophical and religious sciences of great importance with a basic role in other religious sciences and an accumulated background in the works and texts of earlier, later and contemporary Muslim philosophers is ‘(Islamic) epistemology’. The present study claims that it can offer a systemic image of Islamic epistemology. Thus, it has tried to offer a schema for ‘the System of Islamic epistemology’ and explain its nature, components and features in short, based on the process of Islamic system-generation. According to the present study, the theoretical framework and the main axes of the discussions on formulating an Islamic epistemological system can be suggested to be as follows: concepts and definitions, features and characteristics, status and importance, goals and ends, foundations and presuppositions, components and constituents, method and sources, usage and efficiency. In addition, for instance, the authors of the present article consider the usage of the System of Islamic epistemology in the ‘Islamic methodology’. The research method in this study is substantially a rational one, and it has used library sources in data collection.

Tehran is grappling with irritating air pollution for a couple of years and the challenge seems to be getting worse. However, what is the main reason for this? To answer the question, many studies have concentrated on the primary chemical ingredients, like CO; and others have focused on where such pollutants are produced, like factories. Nevertheless, we have selected a higher level of analysis by reviewing socio-economic hypotheses (including sanctions, population, and mismanagement) as well as global climate change from 1999 to 2023 while using descriptive and inferential statistics. We know that crude oil is one of the main exported products of Iran. Thus, to evaluate sanctions as the central hypothesis, we surveyed the rate of crude oil exports, and as an assumption, there is a negative relation between sanctions and such exportation. At this stage, we studied the relationship between sanctions and AQI (one of the best scales for calculating air pollution) and on the other hand, sanctions and main toxic gases. For rival hypotheses, we analyzed the relation between AQI and them (population, mismanagement, and global climate change). All in all, among them, the results demonstrate only the correlation of sanctions with CO (-.916), NO2 (.718), and SO2 (-.687). Meanwhile, it is assumed that by using some methods and applying standards, the government could manage the amount of CO and SO2, whereas, due to the need of Mazut to maintain the economy of energy, NO2 has increased.