مطالب

In the contemporary world, the Liberal International Order (LIO) is widely recognised as a key force shaping the domestic and international agendas of states and numerous global institutions. As the dominant global order, its efficacy is fundamentally influenced by liberalism and its approach to justice. Given the direct impact of justice on both domestic and international peace and security, the LIO’s justice agenda warrants close scrutiny—especially at a time of escalating conflicts, geopolitical tensions, and growing resistance to liberal norms. Against this backdrop, the present article addresses the key question: How is the LIO’s pursuit of justice evaluated, and what major obstacles hinder its ability to promote peace and security at national and international levels? Employing qualitative content analysis, this article supports the hypothesis that the LIO’s conception and implementation of justice are fundamentally flawed—criticised not only by non-liberal states but also increasingly questioned within liberal democracies themselves. These endogenous and exogenous challenges have fuelled inequality, disillusionment, and instability in various regions. The article concludes that, without aligning its normative justice principles with more inclusive, coherent, and consistently applied practices, the LIO will remain ill-prepared to respond effectively to the growing peace and security needs of a rapidly multipolar world.

Criminal Justice serves as the cornerstone for countering the most destructive acts contrary to human rights and dignity. The engagement of this pivotal institution with actions and conducts violating legal frameworks—such as terrorism, digital (cyber) crimes and climate change—is generally evaluated through national and regional approaches. Legal structures, such as United Nations programs, and operational frameworks, such as Interpol, exist at the international level to address these issues. In contemporary times, terrorist offenses leverage digital tools and technologies to advance their goals, utilizing digital platforms in order to pursue recruitment, financing, and weapons development schemes. This deleterious process inflicts irreparable harm on the biosphere, giving rise to climate-related crimes. Although the interaction between terrorism and climate change is bidirectional, encompassing both direct and indirect effects, the present study, conducted through library-based scientific research employs a descriptive-analytical method and an innovative approach, seeks to elucidate the suppression of digital (cyber) terrorism impacting climate change within the framework of criminal justice.

This research investigates how CEO traits influence a company's financial outcomes. The study, which focused on firms listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE) from 2013 to 2023, employed panel data models for estimation and testing. Indicators like CEO ownership, duality, and tenure were utilized to represent CEO characteristics, while Return-on-Assets (ROA) was used to evaluate Firm Performance (FP). The findings revealed a positive and significant correlation between CEO ownership and tenure with FP (ROA). Additionally, CEO duality did not show a significant connection with FP. Although similar research has been conducted in developed markets, comprehensive studies of this nature have been relatively rare in the Iranian economic context, which possesses distinct features such as the impact of governmental institutions, specific taxation regulations, and an ownership structure characterized by concentration

The introduction of modernity into Iranian society has been the source of profound social, cultural, and political transformations. The question of the consequences of modernity on Iranian society remains an unfinished concern. In this context, cinema has played a significant role as one of the main carriers of modernity in transferring Western values to Iranian society. From the moment cinema entered Iran, it served nationalism, modernity, and Westernization. Undoubtedly, when cinema entered the country, Iranian society was not one in a vacuum but was filled with a glorious history and deep-rooted Islamic and Iranian traditions. During the reign of Mohammad Reza Shah, Iranian cinema, supported by the Pahlavi regime, became a tool for advancing the modernization of Iranian society. The detrimental consequences of authoritative modernization and the use of cinema as a modernization tool left profound negative impacts on the structure of Islamic-Iranian identity. In this regard, the present research aims to dissect the role of cinema as a tool for modernization during the Pahlavi II era (1940-1978 AD/1320-1357 SH) using documentary methods and interviews. The central question of this research is how cinema was employed by the Pahlavi government to advance modernism in Iran. In response, it can be said that the political elites of the Pahlavi regime consciously used the power of cinema as a tool to transfer Western culture, weaken Islamic-Iranian traditions, present a modern image of Iranian society, blur public-private boundaries, promote ideology, and gain political legitimacy while constructing a unified nation-state.

Entrepreneurship serves as a pivotal solution to address the economic challenges faced by nations. Given the positive impacts of tourism activities in rural areas, experts recognize it as a cultural instrument for fostering entrepreneurship in villages. This study aims to develop a strategic entrepreneurship model for the rural tourism industry through a cultural lens. Employing a mixed-methods approach (qualitative and quantitative) with grounded theory, the research gathered quantitative data from a statistical population of 384 participants, while qualitative insights were derived from 20 semi-structured interviews. Data analysis utilized SPSS25 for structural exploration and AMOS for composite reliability (CR) assessment via structural equation modeling. Key findings identified causal factors (e.g., value creation in rural tourism, effective rural tourism promotion, risk-taking, self-efficacy, and innovation among villagers and farmers), contextual factors (e.g., cultural interactions, awareness of cultural heritage, cultural development, and cultural education), intervening factors (e.g., environmental-regional infrastructure, social dynamics, and motivational drivers), and strategic pillars (e.g., essential R&D, organizational support, and management planning). The implementation of these strategies yielded outcomes such as rural income diversification, enhanced competitiveness of small businesses, employment generation, and increased productivity and revenue growth. This study concludes that a culturally informed approach to rural tourism entrepreneurship offers a novel strategy for rural economic development, effectively diversifying income sources and fostering sustainable progress.

Pilgrimage denotes a profound spiritual journey that cultivates personal transformation, resilience, and psychological well-being. Previous studies have explored the psychological effects of pilgrimage. However, the specific mechanisms through which these spiritual experiences foster enduring happiness still remain underexplored. This study aims to investigate how spiritual well-being enhances the joy of pilgrimage through the lens of eudaimonic well-being, drawing on the self-determination theory (SDT) and the principles of eudaimonic psychology. The study argues that spiritual well-being acts as a fundamental resource, enabling pilgrims to navigate various challenges on their journey ( e.g. , physical hardship and introspection), achieve self-actualisation, and ultimately experience deep existential satisfaction. Structural equation modelling (SEM) was employed to survey 152 Arbaeen pilgrims. The results indicated that spiritual well-being significantly influenced eudaimonic well-being, which in turn enhanced the joy derived from pilgrimage. The findings suggested that fulfilment associated with pilgrimage was not merely a fleeting emotional response but a deeply rooted psychological state arising from personal transformation, meaning-making, and spiritual elevation. This study contributes to the literature on religious tourism, positive psychology, and spirituality by highlighting the transformative power of pilgrimage as a pathway to human flourishing. It also provides both theoretical and practical frameworks for researchers, policymakers, and mental health practitioners seeking to understand and promote the psychological benefits of spiritual experiences.