درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

The real macroeconomic instability and frequent changes in the monetary and banking regulations with financial contagion to the banks’ financial statements in the banking network of Iran cause intensified instabilities in its financial behaviors. In this paper, using statistical analysis and three-dimensional charts, we have analyzed the behavior of the financial statements of consolidated balance sheets covering the banking network of Iran. The paper also uses a non-linear estimation to calculate the threshold value regarding financial statements such as the nonperforming loan ratio. Results indicate that the banking network financial statements must be restructured due to exogenous shocks. Also, in the recession periods of the year 2011 fourth period and 2012 first period, the recession has reached the banking network with lag and banks have been able to change the return on assets ratio regimes neither in the year 2011 nor in the beginning months of the year 2012. Furthermore, the banks have started a contracting policy in providing loans. As time passes, yields and the performing loans depict the fact that yields on assets as profit indicators are increased unless the interest earning and different periods of time changes are also augmented. Going beyond the critical threshold, generating loans will be likely to drive non-performing loans since these loans are not going to be reimbursed. Banks will have to extend their loans to new loan contracts to consider them as performing which will lead to identification of fake profits in their statements. Key words: Financial Statement restructuring, Nonlinear Estimation, Threshold value JEL Classification: E21, G21, L2

Board diversity is a topical discourse in firm governance and management. Diversity came up as a way of eliminating discrimination in employment and making sure there is equality, inclusion and affirmative action in the way firms do business. Board diversity has produced mixed results in relation to firm performance. On the one hand, diversity enables good governance to take place, ensures satisfaction of stakeholders and the firm to attain competitive advantage. Contrary, diversity may come with difficulties in communication, boardroom fights and decreased productivity among a plethora of negative contributions. The study investigates the various factors that affect board diversity from a Zimbabwean context. The Zimbabwe Stock Exchange’s 35 firms’ data is analysed to estimate the relationship between board diversity and firm performance. The study employed the quantitative methodology to establish factors that influence board diversity on firm performance of thirty-five (35) firms listed on the Zimbabwe Stock Exchange using panel data collected over the period 2009 – 2015.The major factors that promote diversity are firm size, liquidity, leverage, operating experience (years listed), market share (Tobin’s Q) and being in the service sector. On the other hand, board size, being in the food, financial, real and industrial and manufacturing sectors negatively and significantly influence diversity. Based on the above results, the study recommends that companies should come up with diversity-enabling policies to enhance firm performance.

Energy is a strategic commodity and ensuring its stable supply is considered an important issue for governments. Oil and gas, as the two main sources of energy, have played a serious role in the world's energy supply in the last century, and statistics show that these sources, especially gas, will continue to play a serious role in the world economy in the next few decades (History). Meanwhile, general energy policies can be examined as one of the extracts of Imam Khamenei's political-economic thought and the challenges and opportunities (issue). The main question of the article is: What is the place of general energy policies in the political-economic thought of Imam Khamenei and why did some address it? For this purpose, descriptive-analytical method and reference to related documents have been used (method). The result is that from this point of view, Imam Khamenei was able to intelligently guide different managers and governments towards using the general policies in order to manage and rebuild the country's economy in a way that is not influenced by foreign impulses. However, in this framework, the country has also faced some problems (result).