درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Incorporating a household’s net sale status into a rearranged Slutsky equation with combined ordinary and endowment income effects, this paper aims to reinterpret the income elasticity of demand in the case of buying and selling and to associate it with types of goods in a novel manner. To this end, the Deaton’s (1989) net benefit ratio (NBR) approach is expressed as the difference between original and endowment budget shares, and formulated in its elasticity form as the difference between the Hicksian and Marshallian own-price elasticities at any given price, divided by the income elasticity. While the numerator in the latter expression is always positive (negative) for normal (inferior) goods, the denominator may be either positive or negative for either type of good, depending on the net sale position of the household. A positive NBR for a normal good implies that the household is a net demander of that good and that the income elasticity is positive. When the NBR is negative for such a good, it implies that the household is a net seller and that the income elasticity is negative. Again, a positive NBR for an inferior good refers to the fact that the household is a net demander and the income elasticity is negative, whereas a negative NBR reveals that the household is a net seller of that good, which has, unconventionally, a positive income elasticity.

The aim of this paper is to analyze the macroeconomic effects of parametric reforms. An adjusted Auerbach-Kotlikoff model is used to study the effects of decreasing replacement and contribution rates of the pension system. The first part concentrates on the macroeconomic effect of reforms. Our results indicate that reducing the replacement and contribution rates increase the capital stock and decrease the interest rates so the economy moves closer towards the golden rule. Under these parametric reforms, there is a long-run increase in capital stock, wages, labor supply, consumption and income of the future generations. We then measure the welfare effects of different generations and finally show how to use a Lump-Sum Redistribution Authority to calculate an aggregate efficiency measure of policy reforms. Our findings suggest an aggregate efficiency gain of 32.14 % (for replacement rate) and 4.04 % (for contribution rate) compared to the initial equilibrium.

Privatization which refers to the transition of ownership and management of state-owned enterprises to the private sector, is one of the main drivers of economic prosperity. In this paper, the performance of the state, private, and privatized banks have been compared through examining the effects of privatization in the banking system on its performance. The data from 11 banks during the 13-years period (2005-2017) has been used in this research. Due to the time of major privatization (2009) and the imposition of restrictions on the banking system in the form of sanctions, two dummy variables are used to distinguish their effects. To this purpose, panel regression, parametric and non-parametric tests have been used that have all the same results. The results of panel regression model which is used to examine the effects of privatization on the profitability of the entire banking system showed that privatization has had a positive and significant effect on the performance of banks in terms of profitability. In the first step, parametric and non-parametric tests have been used with the aim of comparing the performance of privatized banks with that of private and state banks in the period before and after privatization; then, these tests were used with the aim of comparing the performance of privatized banks in the period before and after the privatization. The results showed that there were significant differences in these two periods. In the third step, the performance of privatized banks in the period before and after privatization with state and private banks were compared. The results showed that the performance of privatized banks was only improved compared with state banks and was almost the same as private banks.