درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Risk and uncertainty are inherent characteristics of economic activities. This study aimed to investigate how fluctuations in macroeconomic variables affected the economic growth of Iran, in the period 1989-2021. To this end, fluctuations in macroeconomic variables were measured using EGARCH method, and then Iran’s economic growth equation was estimated based on the Markov Regime-Switching GARCH. The MRS(2)-AR(2) model was estimated. The model estimation results revealed two regimes of prosperity and recession in Iran's economy, the latter was more durable than the former in the studied period. The different effects of OPEC oil price fluctuations in the two regimes, indicating the asymmetric effects of this variable on Iran's economic growth. In other words, the effects of this uncertainty on Iran’s economic growth are smaller during a period of recession than a period of prosperity. The results on real exchange rate fluctuations showed that fluctuations in this variable had similar destructive effects on Iran’s economic growth. The results revealed the positive and negative effects of inflation rate fluctuations on Iran’s economic growth during periods of recession and prosperity, respectively. The IQI coefficient showed the positive effects of this variable on Iran’s economic growth; higher institutional quality increases physical capital and, thereby, economic growth. Based on the model estimation results, it is impossible to propose a single solution to control fluctuations in macroeconomic variables in Iran during different periods. economic policymakers should adopt and implement the best policies considering the periods of recession or prosperity as well as the development priorities.

Islamic financial systems have been growing in many countries with different pace over the last four decades. The purpose of this paper is to construct a model of learning-by-practicing, explaining long-term growth of financial system. Benefiting from the literature of endogenous growth theories and using a dual financial system consisting of an Islamic financial system and a conventional one, the paper seeks to reveal some of the main growth characteristics of Islamic and conventional financial systems across countries and over time. The model suggests that learning-by-practicing Islamic finance will eventually create comparative advantage for Islamic financial system vs. conventional finance system provided it gets initially protected until sufficient level of learning accumulates in the whole Islamic financial system. Evidence shows that Malaysia with a dual financial system has been very successful in this regard, while Iran and Pakistan, each with single Islamic financial system, and have not been very successful in reaching their expected goals.

Good governance is a system of values, policies, and institutions by which governments manage society. Stability and political stability in countries require the absence of management gaps and the achievement of governance improvement and lack of fragility, which weakened and fragile governments do not have the necessary conditions for such conditions. Usually, developing countries are exposed to the gap in natural resources and brain drain, which provide the basis for important effects on governance and fragility. In this study, to investigate the effect of dependence on natural resources and brain drain on the fragility of states and good governance, the statistical data of 26 developing countries that export fuel from 2007 to 2019 were used and with the approach of SUR Model estimation has been done. The results show that the effect of natural resource rent on the fragility of states is positive and statistically significant. Also, the effect of natural resource rent on good governance is negative and significant. In other words, the effect of natural resource rent on the fragility of states and good governance has an impact coefficient of 0.03 and -0.02, respectively. Therefore, the rent of natural resources can cause governments to weaken and become more fragile in good governance indicators. Also, the effect of brain drain on the fragility of states is positive and significant, and it is negative and significant on good governance. The effect coefficient of the brain drain variable on the fragility of states and good governance is 2.05 and -0.12, respectively.