درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Urban spaces are the heart of any city. These spaces play a crucial role in improving citizens' quality of life, welfare, and mental health. In recent decades, there have been growing concerns among urban experts over the widespread disregard for public spaces due to the dominance of capitalism and changes in citizens' lifes tyles due to their crucial needs being ignored. Despite the considerable efforts to develop urban spaces in Iranian cities, there are s till huge gaps between proposed plans and implementation processes. Due to limited resources and execution mechanisms, it is necessary to identify such spaces based on real-world needs and prioritize them in the implementation phase. In line with this, the present s tudy seeks to develop an efficient method for identifying potential public spaces in deteriorated urban neighborhoods through participative processes, reducing the cos ts and time of projects, and increasing the effectiveness of projects employing the urban acupuncture approach. The data collection and analysis tools used in this s tudy include semi-s tructured interviews, focus group discussions, analysis of documents related to the development of the neighborhood under s tudy, space syntax analysis using Depth Map software, prioritization of indicators using AHP ques tionnaire and analyzing them in Expert Choice software, and analysis and overlaying information in ArcGIS software. The findings related to the Pamenar neighborhood in Tehran sugges t that it is practically possible to identify and prioritize the public spaces through the urban acupuncture approach by s tudying and analyzing motion flows. Finally, 13 urban spaces have been identified and prioritized in the neighborhood. 

Background: Sports Investments is one of the most unique sports events, in the country dealing both with collectors and dealers. Aim : The purpose of this study was to compare the sports investment o Iran in 2016 and 1998. Therefore, we estimate the value of the sports investment sector and share of total investment, GDP, GDSP and compare with 1998 in Iran. Materials and Methods: In this study, national accounts were used. Most of the basic data fare available in a decentralized manner in the Statistics Center and the Program and Budget Organization of Iran. Due to achieving real changes in sports investment between 1998 and 2016, prices in 1998 was considered as the base year and were considered. Then using the price index of the desired years, the effects of inflation were eliminated and growth real was calculated. Results: The results indicate that investment in sport in 1998 was 360 billion Rials, which is 0.43% of total investment, 0.1% GDP, and 26.2% of GDSP. Also, investment in sport in 2016 was 15449 billion Rials, which is 0.46% of total investment, 0.11% GDP and, 73.38% of GDSP. Investment in sport in 2016 compared to 1998 had 2347% real growth. Conclusion : Although, investment in sport in 2016 compared to 1998 has grown, but it is very small compared to the total investments. Results also show the major share of the public sector and the low participation of the private sector.

Background: Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (a-tDCS) is a new neuro-modulatory technique.Aim: This study aimed to investigate the effect of a-tDCS on dynamic balance after exhaustion.Material and Methods: Fifteen endurance-trained men voluntarily attended five separate sessions. In the first session, Maximal aerobic speed (MAS) was measured. Then, the participants were randomly assigned to four different conditions: 1. Mental fatigue (MF)+a-tDCS, 2. MF+sham (s-tDCS), 3. a-tDCS, and 4. s-tDCS. In each session, after dynamic balance measurement, the participants were exposed to the conditions and received 20 min of anodal tDCS over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Then, the participants performed a submaximal endurance activity at 70% of MAS until exhaustion. Immediately after exhaustion, dynamic balance was measured again.Results: After exhaustion, the dynamic balance of the right leg under the a-tDCS condition was significantly higher than the MF+s-tDCS (P= 0.008). The dynamic balance significantly decreased from pre- to post-test in MF+s-tDCS and s-tDCS conditions (P= 0.0001). In the left leg, the dynamic balance under the a-tDCS condition was significantly higher than MF+s-tDCS (P= 0.025).Conclusions: Anodal stimulation of the DLPFC could be beneficial for the dynamic balance and may have a protective effect against the negative consequence of exhausting activity on the dynamic balance in endurance-trained men.