درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of environmental policies including price and non-price policies on natural gas demand in Iranian industrial sector. For this purpose, considering the dynamic nature of our panel data, we adopted Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) method to estimate natural gas consumption for 22 Iranian industries from 2005 to 2015. The results illustrated that the annual average of natural gas consumption has been rising, reaching five times higher than the consumption of other fossil fuels. Among the industries, other non-metallic minerals industry with 8 percent of the total production and more than 25 percent natural gas consumption have been regarded as the most natural gas consumer industry. The results of our GMM model showed that non-price environmental policies are more effective than the price policies on natural gas consumption. Overall, in non-price policies, energy intensity seems more important comparing to CO2 emission reduction. We recommend that governmental energy policies should focus more on energy intensity improvement in Iranian industries through technological enhancement and fuel energy saving regulations.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to design a participatory decision-making model for teachers of the second year of secondary education in Lorestan province. In this regard, first, using library and field studies, the components of teachers' participatory decision-making were initially identified. Then, using interviews with experts and based on the Delphi method, the identified factors are finalized. Statistical society is given by the teachers of the second year of secondary education in Lorestan province. Methodology: The research was finalized using Delphi method including 5 main indicators of individual-personality traits, team-collective characteristics, communication-social characteristics, organizational characteristics and technical-specialized characteristics and related sub-indices. Then, using identified factors and based on interpretive structural modeling (ISM), a native model of teachers' participatory decision making was presented. Findings: Relationships between factors indicate the effectiveness of improving and eliminating challenges and promoting the participatory decision-making model of teachers. Conclusion: The factor of organizational characteristics is the most effective factor if factors such as individual-personality characteristics and communication-social characteristics have both effectiveness and effectiveness, as well as team-collective characteristics and technical-professional characteristics among the mentioned factors, only It is effective in determining the levels of effectiveness of the proposed indigenous model, practical suggestions were provided to address the challenges.