درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

the Iranian civilization according to different studies was a harbinger of urbanism and, at least until the last centuries, formation of urban centuries, though coming from political power canons, nut the urban growth in an organic order was related to the surrounding environment, and in quoting from majority of scientists of urban-planning the post share of Iran had a interior generative growth. The general concordance in the writings of the wise scientists, the urbanism and urban-planning are the reasons "at least from the ecological and social point of view" are existing in the past city of Iranian and this is founded on the dependence of city to the environmental economics and "the region management from the security point of view by the governors of the city" besides the share of past was not taken form rant economy and its feeding resources are depending and the sustaining of production and continuation and social living of surrounding environment. What that was resulted from the centralized and high to law hierarchical and based on rant economy has in 50 recent years transferred the citizenry and urbanization from interior- proliferation to exterior-proliferation, in such a position the city extreme consuming of state sources has grown up in deformity and non-organized manner and the function and the environmental surroundings gets confused, and in such a situation the outpacing of urbanism commences to urbanization, and the comparison between retasded city may resemble to "a extremely fat body with a continuous metabolism without any wisdom organ and this slender body is continuously growing up, and this stender body is perpetually trying to pass its daily living and has no hope for rescue from such a molstrum and in such a situation stand in contrast to all-sides sustainable aims.

This study aimed to investigate whether there is any significant relationship between the readability and vocabulary profile including the most frequent words (K1 words) and academic word list (AWL) of reading passages of Four Corners series which were EFL textbooks. To determine the readability of the texts, the Flesch–Kincaid (1975) readability test was used, while the texts' academic word list and most frequent words which were the indicators of vocabulary profiler were calculated by Cobb's (2002) vocabulary profiler test. In order to analyze the data obtained Pearson Product-Moment correlation coefficients were exploited. With respect to the relationship between readability and most frequent words, there was no significant correlation between readability and K1 words. This means that whatever the text is more difficult, the number of K1 words does not change while it was thought if the text is more difficult the number of K1 words is lower. Concerning the relationship between readability and academic word list, no significant correlation between readability and academic word list was observed, either. In other words, the readability of these texts is not due to their academic word list. It can be concluded that some other factors such as sentence length, syntactic complexity, and learners' background knowledge might contribute to the difficulty of the texts.

Despite its direct relevance to second/foreign language learning, quality of life has been a neglected area within Second Language Acquisition (SLA) research. The present study sought to investigate the relationship between quality of life factors and speaking skill as one of the most challenging parts of L2 learning. To this end, an adapted version of life quality questionnaire originally devised by the World Health Organization (WHO) was administered to 100 female intermediate Iranian EFL learners. In addition, 30 of the participants were randomly selected to take part in follow-up semi-structured interviews which asked why the respondents felt the way they reported. The analysis of data obtained from questionnaire and interviews revealed that although all the four domains of life quality namely physical, psychological, social, and environmental domains had impact on the speaking ability of the participants, a number of facets in physical and psychological domains were more influential. Furthermore, the statistical Pearson correlation analysis demonstrated a positive correlation between life quality factors dominating learner’s success in speaking tasks. The findings of this study have implications for teacher educators and educational decision makers in bringing about higher levels of speaking ability and Quality Of Life (QOL) among English language learners.