درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Learner autonomy (henceforth LA) has become a buzz word in education in general and language education, in particular, for more than a decade now. Focusing on investigating Iranian EFL teachers’ conceptions of LA, the current study, taking a mixed method approach, attempted to illustrate how Iranian EFL teachers’ conceptions of leaner autonomy mapped out. To that end, 7 teachers, purposefully cluster sampled, were interviewed. After data saturation, the result of the interviews and the data gleaned from the literature were fed into the development of a questionnaire. The questionnaire, having being validated through a pilot study, was administered to 585 EFL teachers snowball-sampled, 2 of whom were, later on through negative case analysis, interviewed, and were required to provide the researchers with a narrative. Running a number of factor analyses, the researchers modeled the participants’ mindsets toward LA, which can be quite significant as it can have some theoretical and pedagogical implications, including, inter alia, situating LA promotion into the pedagogy of TEFL in Iran by running LA promotion workshops as well as developing a pool of LA promotion activities and software programs available to the stakeholders, especially the teachers.

Choosing the financial supply is one of the most important decisions for providing optimal structure that can be effective for firm value and stocks market of companies. Therefore, marketing as one of the abilities of the firm can be effective on firm function. The purpose of this research is studying the role of marketing intensity on the relation of financial leverage and firm function in Companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. This study is performed between 2012 and 2016 and 103 firms are studied in this research. The independent variables in this research are financial leverage and marketing intensity. The dependent variable is firm evaluation that Tobin's Q is used for evaluating this variable. For evaluating the research variables, Eviews 9 software is applied. The research findings illustrate there is not a U relation between financial leverage and firm function and marketing intensity is not a moderator between these two variables.

<span lang="EN-GB">This research presents a mathematical model for performance-based budgeting and combines it with rolling budget for increased flexibility. The model has been designed by Chebyshev's goal programming technique with fuzzy approach. The parameters or coefficients of the model are derived by measuring the productivity of the organizations considering eight criteria. Data for calculating productivity indicators were collected from gas refineries of Iran in 2011–2015 and analysed by Excel and GAMS software. Then, the model was tested for determining the 2016 budget of those refineries. The model was solved by LINGO software by linking it to Excel. The solution of the model reduced 0.68% of the total refinery's budget compared with the actual budgets for 2016, which is higher than the annual budget of some of the companies in this group.</span>

Political culture represents a society`s widely held, traditional values and its fundamental practices; foreign policy decision makers tend to make policies that are compatible with their society`s political culture because they share, if not all, many of those values. Among the various factors influencing Iran`s foreign policy, the role of political culture seems to be rather underestimated. This article seeks to analyze the role of Iran`s political culture in shaping the country’s foreign policy, through a comparative study of the hardline foreign policy of former president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and the moderate foreign policy of current president Hasan Rouhani. Accordingly, this paper`s main question is the following: What is the role of political culture in the change in Iran`s foreign policy during Ahmadinejad and Rouhani’s presidencies? Our main hypothesis is that the oscillation of Iran`s foreign policy between aggressiveness and moderation reflects Iran`s two simultaneous contradictory political cultures. In this theoretical-analytical paper, we apply a descriptive-explanatory method to examine our hypothesis. First, we will have a very short discussion of the various factors shaping Iran`s foreign policy. In the second section, we will shed light on the main elements of Iran`s political culture, which seem to influence the country’s foreign policy. The third section of this article will compare Iran’s foreign policy during President Ahmadinejad and President Rouhani; we will try to demonstrate how Iranian leaders who are stuck in Iran`s contradictory political cultures, have reacted and why. Finally, the impact of Iran`s political culture on its foreign policy change will be analyzed.