درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Since the enactment of the Antiquities and Monuments Ordinance in 1971 and the establishment of Antiquities and Monuments Office in 1976, the Hong Kong Government has set up several institutions with particular ordinances and schemes for Heritage Conservation. With the set-up of government initiatives, yet the protection of physical and cultural heritage is still limited due to the ambiguity of policy and planning. So, the main aim of this paper is to identify the loopholes of existing policy and planning of heritage conservation and to suggest revised policy framework. After a thorough review towards the existing policy framework of heritage conservation in Hong Kong, together with the lessons learnt from international case studies (Singapore, Australia and Macao), it is found that six major deficiencies affecting the different aspects within the process of heritage conservation in Hong Kong. They are: Insufficient coverage of heritage’s context; inadequate institutional capacity; limited conservation approaches for privately-owned buildings; inadequate incentives; shortage of funding sources; and lack of transparency. After the identification of deficiencies from the existing heritage conservation policies and institutional arrangement, a new set of recommended policy is suggested to improve the deficiencies. The recommended policy framework contains four aspects: Revision of political system; provision of integrated conservation approaches and incentives; diversification of funding sources and widening of public participation.

Sense of place is the most important features of space for designers in relation between human and environment, although key theories of the mid-twentieth century have shown that some social and psychological factors are more effective than physical characteristics but in this research, the focus is on the physical features of space. Many researchers have been analyzed Physical features and its influence on human life in recent years. The aim of this paper is to focus on perception of users from prayer room. In other word, the objective of this paper is to find most effective features of a space that are key factors regarding physical attributes. The main question here is what are these features? Moreover, how much is their influence on sense of place? Furthermore, the attitudes and opinions of users were surveyed with the help of questionnaire and the result was calculated with SPSS. Finally, the results summarized in a form of tables show that gender and age are not major or effective factors in sense of place in prayer room. Signs, decoration and activities of prayers are among main elements of identity in prayer rooms. Overall, the result shows that physical features of spaces do not have a great influence on sense of place.

This research seeks the role and effect strength of accessibility and vitality on urban spaces. Urban space is a phenomenon organized by information manifested in various forms, functions and meaning. It is the context of forming and improving social life, representing culture and urbanization of a culture. According to desirable cities, it is deliberated that the cause of this magnificence is their lively and vibrant urban spaces. Regarding this point, weak social interaction of people and lack of optional and social activities in cities of Iran is clearly observed. This issue will remove urbanity attributes of Iranian urban spaces. The research studies two important factors in urban spaces, based on literature review: accessibility and vitality; using library and field study of Hamadan city to find the rate of their effect on urban spaces of Iran. Correlation analysis and questionnaire were used to codify analytic model. The main hypothesis of the research is the weakness of urban spaces in Iranian cities due to poor access and lack of vitality in these spaces, that is acquired by investigating aspects related to access and vitality. The results showed a positive correlation between urban spaces and these two factors, which control 44 percent of urban spaces efficiency as a common courtyard.

Examining the planning of cemeteries in the urbanism system of Iran does not show a good condition. In fact, cemeteries in the most Persian cities have become large-scale open spaces outside the city. This could cause irreparable damage to the cities because of the partial and/or improper use of the capacity of urban lands. Along with this, historical cemeteries within the cities have been abandoned. However, it seems that urban space with function of the cemetery has a specific sociocultural potential. Cemeteries can be very effective elements in the symbolic network of the city. As a result, it is also an essential element which must be associated with the structure and organisation of the city and the neighbourhoods, not as a waste and marginal element. In addition, exامینing this symbolic space achieve a symbolic dialogue which will result in exploring the beliefs, emotions, dreams, and imaginations of ancestors which means these urban areas need a specific attention. This paper, by using descriptive-analytical research method, attempts to explain sociocultural functions of cemeteries as an urban space, and to scrutinise its pathology through reviewing its position in the urban plans in Iran. In the following, via an emphasis on the sociocultural role of the cemetery, a series of strategies will be expressed for promoting its position within cities.

Defining space by dividing it to inside and outside is one of human’s ways to recognize his position in environment. Architecture is created to response to this need for inside/outside spaces. Design of inside and outside Spaces and relation between them always has been one of necessities for definition and limitation of human living spaces, but little attention to relation of this two spatial realms and poor design of transitional spaces between them has caused to lack of quality in current Iranian architecture. This study aims to explore relation of inside and outside in architecture and focus on condition of transition, boundary and connection of those. For achieving this purpose concept of inside, outside and in-between has been investigated and by exploring cases of this kind of connection (especially in past and recent Iranian architecture), the aims, approaches, functions and physical forms of in-between spaces has been presented. This results and findings can enhance design considerations of in-between spaces especially in architecture of Iran’s big cities. Literature reviewed has shown importance of in-between space design as another kind of space: either inside and outside, neither one of them.

Urban commercial quarters such as bazaars can be found all over the world, from Turkey to Egypt, from Tajikistan to Iran. In Iranian cities, bazaars have very specific and unique architectural features and they have played an important role as economic and social engines. In addition, bazaars are an integral part of the cultural geography of Iran and have contributed to the definition of urban development patterns. This paper aims to critically explore sustainable architectural elements in historic bazaars and their relation to social and cultural components. This paper’s theoretical exploration is developed by detailing relevant findings from a case study on the significance of the sustainable architectural elements of the historic Bazaar of Tabriz, and it debates the relationship between those architectural elements and socio-cultural and economic components. A qualitative methodology, specifically in-depth interviews with shop-owners and customers and in loco observation, was employed. Findings show that the Bazaar of Tabriz has preserved its sustainability both in terms of architecture, by rigorous preservation, and in terms of sociocultural and economic components, by maintaining an exciting daily dynamic and a healthy relationship between shopowners, customers, local administration and the city of Tabriz. The preservation of unique and authentic sustainable architectural features, together with the maintenance of public spaces, such as mosques and schools, benefits the population of Tabriz and brings visitors every day to the shopping area of the complex, thus maintaining a constant flux and social, cultural and economic dynamics.

Value literally means to assess the worth of something against something else. The importance of the assessment of this word in the economic areas in a few past years has led the recognition of urban values especially in their historical parts. It is hypothesis that recognition, assessment, and introducing the existing values in historical cities have a direct relationship with the selection of the intervention approach in the process of conservation and development. The purpose of research, considering the mentioned assumption, is to find a response for this question: How do the existing values in historical cities affect the process of selection of the intervention approach? This study is a fundamental-theoretical research that has been done by interpretational-historical method and the selection statistical population are the four cities of Isfahan-Shiraz-Tehran- and Mashhad among Iran’s historical cities in order to special urban values. Obtained results show identifying and introducing the existing values in historical cities, in past century, has directly been related to the selection the intervention approach in Iran’s cities and regarding cases in which the results were not proportional to predicted goals, it was because of neglecting the existing values in cities and nonmaterial values such as artistic, social, economic, and political values are related to the urban fabric values of historical cities and the removal of physical values would cause the removal other values of Iran’s cities.

Fast and unplanned city growth, has effects such as isolation of village societies, threatening urban cores and centers and small and weak societies, destruction of open spaces and open and natural regions. Smart growth offers a sustainable way for urban developing with appropriate use of available sources, increase of urban services, developing neighborhoods with different uses, making public transportation available and integrated designing in human scale. Green belts idea,at first was based on controlling the growth between cities, preventing from merging cities and separating specifications and details of city and village from each other. Although according to the fact that, there was not an agreement regarding the possible outcomes of green belts and controlling cities growth process among city experts, some with conservative ideas, believed that green belts are stopping barriers and negative factors in natural growth process of cities and some others, thought that it is element of separating urban and non-urban habitats. In first approved comprehensive plan of Tehran (2006), suburban ranges were recognized as protected range for future city developing. This definition has no more places according to the problems of Tehran. In this article based on the natural and environmental potentials of Tehran protected areas (Green belt) and many threats for its exposure to residential construction, there are offered strategies and protecting rules with smart growth approach and green belt definition.