درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

In the contemporary global landscape, nations strive to portray themselves as modern and open societies, employing various tools, such as art diplomacy, scientific diplomacy, and sports diplomacy, as a compelling facet of public engagement, especially over the past two decades. This study aims to scrutinize the role of sports in interactions of Iran and Shanghai Cooperation Organization. The research was descriptive based on qualitative technic that was done by two round Delphi interviews. The participants consisted of 14 experts of sport policy and international relations and the data collection involved an examination of diverse sources, including articles, books, and websites of Google Scholar, Taylor Francis, and Sciences Direct. The qualitative section indicated three concepts of sport diplomatic interactions of Iran and SCO countries included: Economic, Political and Cultural factors. The findings also highlight Russia and China as promising prospects for fostering sports diplomatic interactions with Iran. Sports events that secure medals, notably gymnastics and swimming, benefit significantly from enhanced bilateral and multilateral exchanges within the sports competitions framework among Shanghai Cooperation Agreement nations.

Background: Researchers have studied practical applications of high-intensity interval training and hypoxic training. PGC-1α, IGF-I, and HIF-1α are generated from high-intensity interval training and affect muscle cells. Altitude training also produces HIF-1α, which induces erythropoietin and increases the number of red blood cells. However, due to the limit on training intensity and cycle, it was replaced by normobaric hypoxia training. Purpose: To investigate the effects of 2-day high-intensity interval training on muscular anaerobic metabolism at varying oxygen concentrations for 2 days. Method: Ten subjects performed 2 consecutive days of intermittent hypoxia-hyperoxic training (IHHT); intensity of training was determined by the sprint test results. IHHT comprised 4 sets of 3 repetitions for 40 seconds (4 × 3 × 40 s); the intensity and oxygen concentration were 80% of maximal effort and 13% oxygen for the first and third sets, and were 90% of maximal effort and 21% oxygen for the second and fourth set; participants walked for 3 min wearing an oxygen mask (O2 80%) before each set. Differences in biological parameters between the two days of training was analyzed by t-test. Results: The difference of mean lactate levels between two days were 0.96 ± 0.75 mmol/l at Set 3 (P = .003) and 1.05 ± 1.12 mmol/l at Set 4 (P = .016), respectively. Mean ammonia concentrations at Set 4 were 117.70 ± 29.8 μmol/l for the first day and 94.50 ± 14.45 μmol/l for the second day (P = .057). The difference of heart rate were 4.20 ± 5.05 min-1 at Set 1 (P = .027) and 4.00 ± 5.48 min-1 at Set 2 (P = .046). Conclusions: Two-day intermittent hypoxia-hyperoxic training affected lactate and heart rate.

Background: Increasing prevalence rate of anxiety disorders in elderly populations especially due to physical limitations has become a key concern for health authorities. Aim : The objective of the study was to investigate the effects of cognitive and physical training on physiological and psychological Levels of anxiety in the elderly. Material and Methods: Forty-nine aged females (62.3±2.6 years) with BMI of 35-49.99 kg/m<sup>2 were assigned to one of three groups: Cognitive (n= 17), Physical training [yoga] (n= 16) and control group (n= 10). The cognitive training protocol included breathing and imagery/visualization techniques, which lasted for an 8-week period, three sessions a week. Yoga practices comprising Asana and Pranaya training, three times a week, for two months. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory was given before and after intervention training. Biofeedback devices was used to monitor galvanic skin resistance and resting heart rate (as physiological and psychological markers of anxiety) in pretest and pre-test phases. The data were analyzed using analysis covariance and Bonferroni post hoc test. Results: It was indicated that anxiety score in cognitive training was significantly lower than control group ( P = 0.002) and also, anxiety score in physical Training was significantly lower than control group ( P = 0.01). No significant difference was found between the two training groups ( P = 0.18). Furthermore, both training groups had lower galvanic skin resistance ( P < 0.001). In addition, physical training group had a better status of resting heart rate after intervention compared to the cognitive and control groups (respectively, P = 0.04 and P = 0.001). Conclusions: It was concluded that the health benefits of Physical training [yoga] isn’t not specific to maintaining physical health, but also extends to lowering the anxiety in elderly with obesity. It was also suggested that cognitive training can mitigate the anxiety symptoms in the elderly while no physical changes were shown in cognitive training.

Background: The SARS-CoV-2 virus is viewed as one of the defining crises of the current era, with various adverse ramifications for sports performance. Aim: The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise and caffeine supplementation on the cognitive performance and balance of college student-athletes recovered from COVID-19. Materials and Methods: Forty male student-athletes aged between 18 to 25 years from the Imam Khomeini International University of Qazvin were randomly assigned to four groups: 1. exercise + caffeine supplementation, 2. aerobic exercise + placebo, 3. aerobic exercise, and 4. control, in a pre-test post-test design. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to check the normality of data distribution and covariance analysis was used for inter-group comparison. Results : The ANCOVA analysis showed significant differences in cognitive performance and balance among the four groups ( P <0.05). Pairwise comparisons using the Bonferroni post-hoc test showed statistically significant differences in cognitive performance and balance between the aerobic exercise + caffeine group versus the aerobic exercise + placebo group (P<0.05) and the aerobic exercise versus the control group ( P <0.05). Also, there was significant differences in mean cognitive performance and balance indices between AE+CAF versus CONT ( P <0.005) and AE+CAF versus AE ( P <0.005). Conclusion: The results of this study show that aerobic exercise with caffeine supplementation can improve cognitive performance and balance of student-athletes recovered from COVID-19.