درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Ethnic divergence and investigation of its identity, spatial and political aspects is one of the central topics of geopolitical studies. Although different disciplines have addressed the fundamental applications of this cultural-geographical phenomenon, the ambiguities about the position of ethnic studies in geopolitics sometimes results in blurred expression of its epistemological domain with other scientific domains such as sociology, political science and international relations. In this regard, the aim of this paper is to present a framework and theoretical model for study of ethnic divergence in geopolitics. This is a descriptive-analytical study. The data were collected by library study. Results of this study show that if the ethno-nationalism is based on two bases i.e. bedrock (spatial-politics) and mechanisms, geopolitics will investigate the domain mainly focused on environmental elements (spatial-politics). This means that national, regional and global environments are the platforms that facilitate ethnic divergence. Therefore, it can be said that geopolitics addresses effective environmental bedrock contributing to formation of ethnic divergence which can play an important role in the emergence of and guiding of divergence mechanisms. <br /> 

Donald Trump, the forty-fifth president of the United States, entered the White House with a very different agenda and sought to redefine the pattern of US action and engagement in the international sphere. While rejection of Obama's policies, Trump has sought to alteration, the US foreign policy and security strategy at almost all levels and in this pathway has sought to change the strategic mechanisms of the United States. The present paper, through a brief review of the US National Security Strategy during Barack Obama's presidency, discusses the most significant signs of a possible transformation in the US National Security Strategy in the coming years. This survey is based on reports, documents and white House new president and decision makers' speech. The main question of the present article is what features of the Trump National Security Strategy in the coming years differentiate from Obama's strategy in 2008-2016, And its initial hypothesis focuses on the formulation of a national security strategy in a different framework than Obama's multilateralism, mainly as a form of moderate unilateralism, and based on ambiguous politics and, in particular, the Madman theory of  Henry Kissinger as the main difference between Obama's declared strategy. <br />  <br /> 

 Spatial expansion and land use changes in agricultural lands are among important factors contributing to environmental damages and disabilities of productive economy in the region, especially in agricultural aspects. This trend is common in developing countries. These changes in land use usually occur by those who target agricultural lands for speculations and other abusing forms of economy. In addition this trend also affects environment likewise economy which is attributed as sprawl. Urumia urban region has valuable agricultural lands which plays a key role in both environment and economy. During the past two decades, according to excessive construction in the region these areas are turned out to be more of a recreational site for affluent families which has decreased agricultural functions there and also has damaged beautiful landscapes of the villages. Recent condition is resulted from not being cost effective agricultural activities and inefficiency of the market supplemented with not supporting agricultural activities. This has leaded that Urumia urban region goes through a spatial expansion which differs considerably with urban sprawl. This paper is aimed to analyze effective factors on land changes and the following sprawl by it. Moreover there are two main questions that should be answered: first, which factors contribute to spatial expansion in agricultural areas? How is the sprawl dominating Urumia urban region attributed? In order to analyze and produce status qua and current relationship between Urumia city and agricultural lands, a descriptive and analytical method were used and in order to analyze the development process the documents were considered and finally in order to examine occurred changes from satellite photographs and cartographic photos in different periods were used. After gathering data and statistics and classification, in the second stage, through observing it was tried to perfect the statistics. The results showed that the absence cost effectiveness in agricultural activities and speculation in land and of the differences between users and speculators have resulted a new form of sprawl in Urumia which differs considerably with its common forms. This new sprawl has features which sustains affluent interests.