درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Purpose- Informal settlement is largely rooted in migration, particularly influenced by parameters such as poverty, lack of expertise and specialization, type of occupation, cultural conflict, illiteracy, ethnic and cultural identity. Most of the residents of these areas are forced to live in ghettos and slums due to factors such as lack of access to jobs in the city coupled with poverty and lack of specialization. Heterogeneous and dispersed constructions without observance of technical principles and urban planning with narrow, meandering alleys, running sewage in the alleys and unsavory sanitary condition are among the adverse consequences of informal settlement. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to investigate the key factors affecting rural migration with emphasis on the issue of informal settlement in Shirabad neighborhood of Zahedan. Design/methodology/approach- The research method is descriptive-analytical and data collection was conducted by a survey. In the first step of the research, a list of primary factors involved in the spread of migration to informal settlements was identified as research variables using existing documents and previous researches. The variables were analyzed based on two local communities (all heads of households in Shirabad neighborhood) and expert questionnaires. Descriptive statistics and exploratory factor analysis in SPSS software as well as cross-impact analysis model in MicMac software were used for the analysis of data. Findings- The results suggested that four key factors of drought and lack of water resources, reduced productivity and devaluation of the agricultural sector, inappropriate infrastructure in rural areas and wage gap between rural and urban areas play a key role in shaping rural migration and intensifying informal settlement.

Donald Trump, the forty-fifth president of the United States, entered the White House with a very different agenda and sought to redefine the pattern of US action and engagement in the international sphere. While rejection of Obama's policies, Trump has sought to alteration, the US foreign policy and security strategy at almost all levels and in this pathway has sought to change the strategic mechanisms of the United States. The present paper, through a brief review of the US National Security Strategy during Barack Obama's presidency, discusses the most significant signs of a possible transformation in the US National Security Strategy in the coming years. This survey is based on reports, documents and white House new president and decision makers' speech. The main question of the present article is what features of the Trump National Security Strategy in the coming years differentiate from Obama's strategy in 2008-2016, And its initial hypothesis focuses on the formulation of a national security strategy in a different framework than Obama's multilateralism, mainly as a form of moderate unilateralism, and based on ambiguous politics and, in particular, the Madman theory of  Henry Kissinger as the main difference between Obama's declared strategy. <br />  <br />