فرح حبیب

It is not long time that residential complexes have been built in Tehran. Although during this time, always influenced by some factors, configuration of the residential complexes has undergone fluctuations, rateof which has been very fast especially in recent decades considering the fundamental changes that have emerged in the housing debate. turning housing into an investment commodity. Residential complexes are generally evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively from two viewpoints. Qualitative issues that are often in connection with quality of living environment and its effects from social and especially cultural issues of residents have been given little attention in the past few decades and in contrast, quantitative issues have been more attractively motivated by profitability and economic benefits. The result of this imbalance is the housing status that we can see in all aspects. The present studies indicate that in recent decades, the rising rate of construction and lack of sufficient control over housing sector resulted in the formation of the residential complexes regardless of cultural context, approval of settlement inconsistent with the culture and traditional attitudes of the residents and as a result, low quality of life in residential complexes. This paper is an attempt to assess several condominiums in different years in terms of quality and the effect taken from cultural concepts in all stages, including studies, planning, design and operation using field study and questionnaires and then to find a correct relationship between various components and finally, some recommendations are provided to improve the current situation.

Urban space can be the most successful public arena in this century if employ the potentials for collective cooperation in creative ways in order to provide further services. The theory of creative city tries to strengthen the qualities which enhance the image of a city for the citizens and create a dynamic city in terms of culture and intercultural learning. Therefore, the existence of generator, open, and the popular spaces are necessary along 24 hours a day. Since the nightly work and activity gradually became parts of the urban life, urbanization requirements converted night into day for people, and the urban spaces allocated a special position in this phenomenon. Desirable urban spaces should be made in response to the present urban environment of the cities. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to present designed solutions in order to interactive lighting to create live and urban spaces. The study uses a qualitative research method and a case study, based on field studies via a questionnaire and direct observations, meanwhile recognizing the principles of making creativity in urban spaces and the study of physical and social environments of Ahmadabad Avenue- Mashhad are investigated by using SPSS to analyze formal, qualitative and visual values in the space. Results of this study indicate whatever emphasized in urban design and the darkness comes following the sunset, may arise disorder in its performance, to helping artificial light modeling keep its efficiency during the night.

Pedestrian areas are a type of urban public space, nowadays because of the serious consequences of car-dependency and ignoring pedestrian needs, a consensus on the importance of walking and the necessity for planning for pedestrians movement has been formed among urban designers, planners and people. The concerns about human health and movement in city create a new trend in contemporary urbanism, entitled “pedestrianization movement”. So far, walking in the streets has been defined under the influence of cars and they have always been given a priority over pedestrians. As a result, cars gradually conquer urban spaces, retreat pedestrians from their essential rights to use public spaces. If it is accepted that the quality of urban public areas has a considerable influence on citizens’ everyday social activities, this influence can be seen much greater in car free zones than anywhere else in the city. The main attention of the present study is enhancing social interactions in urban spaces, so the main purpose of the study is finding solutions and providing a model and design criteria to promote social interaction of citizens. The research methodology is qualitative which is based on reviewing literature of pedestrian areas and social interactions. The case of study is Khajoo Neighborhood, one of the oldest and historical neighbors of Isfahan1. The result shows that design of pedestrian zones invite people and residents to spend their time in urban space and have social interactions.

Nowadays, clutter and visual clutter have become common characteris tics of cities. The main cause of this confusion and visual clutter is the presence of urban facades with an abnormal appearance that s tands out in the city. Meanwhile, the firs t image seen of a building is its facade, which can play a role in creating the order or visual clutter. This heterogeneity is more apparent in the facades of Tehran city, especially in the vicinity of its main s treets, which have the mos t daily passers-by. However, what parts of the facade have caused visual clutter, and what was the mos t colorful visual part of the facade in this context? In the field of visual clutter, urban facades can be as effective as urban walls. Materials, colors, changing s tyles and contexts, different compositions of forms. These can be the factors that create and increase this visual clutter in monographs. In this research, by examining the three s treets that collect garbage in the areas that have had the highes t number of building permits issued in the las t ten years, single facades with visual clutter have been identified, and then by examining the components of these facades, the common characteris tics of each in terms of components have been identified. The composition of the facade was checked. This research shows that additions, materials, colors, and windows have the greates t impact on the visual clutter of urban facades in the examined samples.

Human presence and accordingly establishing suitable condition for social interactions are important factors in shaping urban spaces. Caring to different aspects of improving environmental qualities especially perception aspect and ease of perception from the environment with legibility improvement is an element that was emphasized from the base of urban design. The role of time, commence of day and night and its effect on perception and legibility of the environment have not been investigated deeply. Although time effects the level and the way of perception and legibility and it should be noted that there is clear difference between human perception and space legibility during day and night.This research is looking for effective major factors on urban spaces qualities in day and night with descriptive and comparison method on the case studies and their images of Zanjan and Abadan cities and tries to approve the differences of these images. Results of performing this research clearly approving that, social, functional and perceptional dimensions are the most important dimensions of improving space quality at night. It should be declared that there are a lot of differences between the images and the perception of the city during day and night. In addition, the mention priority to urban five elements in shaping these maps are differ either.

One of basic principles in designing treatment environments is to design air conditioning/ventilation system proportionate to environment. Essentially, appropriate air conditioner in treatment spaces must bear the following capabilities: providing healthy and clean air, reducing the concentration of pollutants produced in the atmosphere, emission of pollutants and impeding their spread in exterior space. Due to significance of the foregoing items in designing treatment spaces, in this research which has been conducted by descriptive-analytic method and using library studies, exامینation of hybrid ventilation system in treatment environments have been dealt with. Designing air conditioners in hospitals include ventilation design methods in form of natural/passive, mechanical, and hybrid ventilation systems. In this research, innovative design approach of hybrid ventilation system of hospitals have been introduced; having studied architecture of Iranian windtowers and greenhouse behavior of building façade and advantages and disadvantages of this system and superiority of the proposed system have been addressed. The system will be designed by using triple-walled shell (for the purpose of heating in winter season and airflow circulation in summer season) and cooling tower (plan design by viewing a vertical space in overall volume of the project and having direct access to AHU Rooms) A considerable advantage of this method is to reduce amount of energy consumption and subsequently decreased suction fan rotation period in cooling tower system as well as energy consumption reduction for heating air via fancoil.

Purpose- Nowadays, with the disappearance of traditionalism in rural housing design, constructions that deviate from the traditional and indigenous housing patterns are noticeable, and as a result, native values and traditions in rural housing have been disregarded. On the other hand, rural housing is the most humanistic subject of architecture and provides for the diverse needs of local residents. Therefore, this research was conducted with the aim of examining the effective factors in preserving the values of endemic housing and regional texture in Sistan towards revitalizing rural settlements.Design/ Methodology/ Approach- The qualitative-quantitative research method was used in the present study. The statistical population consisted of two parts: the first part included experts and graduates in architecture who were selected as a sample size of 20 people based on purposive sampling. The second part consisted of the villagers of Qaleh now, Deh Arbab, and Deh now Piran. Background field method, Delphi method, FARAS + FKOPRAS models were used to analyze data in both qualitative and quantitative sections.Finding- the results of background theory showed that from the perspective of experts, some factors such as preserving rural landscape, principles of protecting native housing values towards development with a focus on indigenous culture, interaction in preservation and revitalization of regional fabric and rural indigenous housing as well as cultural tourism in villages were identified as effective factors in preserving endemic rural housing values. Also, Delphi results showed that Kendall’s coefficient for concepts and meaningful units obtained from expert interviews did not differ significantly. In this regard, fuzzy model results showed that developing an ideal pattern for indigenous housing in Sistan with a weight of 70/72; principles of protecting native housing values towards development with a focus on indigenous culture with a weight of 66/72; integrated and cohesive management with a weight of 59/72, received the highest and lowest importance in preserving indigenous rural housing values in Sistan respectively.

In this paper, the system of language and architecture has been studied in three levels of elemental, structural and semantic in cases of traditional and modern mosques in Iran through the method of analyzing the content of texts and in a conceptual model. Then, in a comparative method, the common patterns of these systems have been explained at all three levels. The common features at the elemental level included double-edged signs, the notion of sign value, as well as syntagmatic relations. Concepts such as the two-way functioning of the systems, textuality and spatial cohesion were identified at the structural level. The concepts of marking, explicit and implicit meanings, and metaphors were investigated at the semantic level of the architecture of the mosques. In the following, the variables were categorized in tables based on the concepts and the data were analyzed through inferential analysis. Then, the findings were coded based on the indices of each variable. On this basis, it became clear that the common patterns, the mental forms of the language sign system can be translated into the physical forms of the architecture system through representation. The respondent also reads or interprets based on a picture or a represented form when confronting the representation. The research findings indicate that readings are based on the collective language and interpretations are based on the individual’s personal language. In the meantime, the cultural, historical, and ethnic contexts, as well as the role of mass media are of high prominence.