درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

South Africa is a water-scarce country that is highly dependent on agriculture. This means that the local impacts of climate altering phenomenon, such as the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), are critical to understand. At a broad scale, these systems are known to affect rainfall distribution, resulting in drought (flood) conditions during El Niño (La Niña) events in the majority of the country, and the converse in the southwestern Cape. However, fine resolution analyses of local impacts of these events have been restricted to the coastal zone, and little is known for the interior. We explore the uniformity in the transition of the climatic deviations [for minimum temperature (T_min) and maximum temperature (T_max), and rainfall] along a 12-site transect spanning the South African interior. The majority of the deviations determined were not statistically significant which suggests that the common understanding of the climatic impacts of ENSO events in South Africa is not well understood. However, it should be acknowledged that all the locations used in this research, aside from Hermanus, were located inland which may be the reason the deviations at these locations were not statistically significant.

Purpose- The project of valuable rural texture was proposed with the aim of rehabilitating the tourist villages with valuable physical features. Since the project aimed at developing tourism in tourist villages and preserving the local and cultural features of these areas, conducting a research to study the dimensions and effects of rehabilitation of valuable rural texture on rural tourism was of great importance. Therefore, the present study aimed to study the rehabilitation of valuable rural texture and its effect on tourism in the village of Hajij, Kermanshah, Iran. Design/methodology/approach- The two groups of population involved in rehabilitation of the rural residential texture were the local people and the tourists. The tools used in this study to collect data were applied, quantitative, and survey methods. The statistical population consisted of 300 tourists and 95 local people. Findings- The results showed that the rehabilitation of rural valuable texture had positive effects on development of rural tourism. The four variables of attraction of tourists, providing local services to tourists, affecting the performance of governmental and non-governmental organizations and institutions, and the advertising role of rehabilitation of dilapidated texture have been influenced by valuable textures. Local people and tourists were satisfied with the rehabilitation project and reported its great effect on the village. Practical implications- This study showed that the rehabilitation project of rural valuable texture caused harmony and agreement between the village's new texture and body and its traditional and local texture. Furthermore, rehabilitation of valuable texture gravitated the tourists' attention to the village and increased local employment. Nonetheless, there were challenges to the rehabilitation project of valuable rural texture. One of the most important challenge was the adverse effect of rural tourism on the village's environment, causing pollution and destruction of natural environment.

Due to geographic importance, India, China and European states are the largest potential natural gas markets of Iran. Iran natural gas and gas condensate production reached to 6.5 million barrels until February 2019. This gas will be received by Europe, finally. Europe depends on gas import from Russia, a matter that concerns gas importing states. Europe security strategy is focused on decrease in the level of dependence on Russia which is emphasized by Europe security perspectives. The research is intended to investigate these issues: what is Europe strategy to provide its energy security? And how do Iran’s gas resources affect Iran and Europe relations? The research hypothesis is that Europe is intended to develop its relation with Iran in order to decrease in Europe energy dependence on Russia. The research is based on descriptive-analytic method and also it is applied in terms of its goal. The research results show that Iran is the only state that can end Russia dominance on Europe energy supply, and European states can reconsider Iran’s role to promote Europe energy security and to decrease in the EU dependence on Russia.