محمدرضا اردلان

Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of toxic leadership of principals on creating organizational trauma mediated by emotional exhaustion, organizational cynicism and hypocritical behavior in schools. The research was a descriptive correlational study. The study population was 16750 people in all secondary school teachers in Khuzestan province in 1400-1399, from which a sample of 407 people was selected based on Cochran's formula by stratified random sampling. For data collection, Schmidt (2008) Toxic Leadership Questionnaire, Vivian & Horman (2015) Organizational Trauma Questionnaire, Hills Emotional exhaustion Questionnaire (2019), Nafee Organizational cynicism Questionnaire (2013) and Hadavi Nejad (2011) were used. Cronbach's alpha values were 0.96, 0.93, 0.94, 0.91 and 0.97 respectively. Structural equation modeling through LISREL10.30 software was used to analyze the data. Results: Toxic leadership of principals have a positive and significant effect on organizational trauma in schools (0.32), on emotional exhaustion (0.31), on organizational cynicism (0.28) and on hypocritical behavior (0.34) (P value<0.05). Emotional exhaustion (0.48), organizational cynicism (0.42) and hypocritical behavior (0.45) had a positive and significant effect on organizational trauma (P value <0.05). Toxic leadership of principals had an indirect, positive and significant effect on organizational trauma in schools mediating emotional exhaustion (0.148), organizational cynicism (0.117) and hypocritical behavior (0.153).

Introduction: The existence of intelligent decision-making in educational managers increases their recognition skills and they find the ability to identify the decision process, check possibilities, make correct judgments, and plan carefully. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of studying the mediating role of intellectual ethics in the relationship between digital leadership and smart decision-making among elementary school principals in Kermanshah province. Material and Methods: The research is a correlational research based on structural equation modeling of the correlation-covariance matrix. The statistical population includes all the elementary principals of Kermanshah province in the academic year 2021-2022 (N=1902). The sample size was estimated based on proportional stratified random sampling and Cochran's formula (n=320). The tools included intelligent leadership, intellectual ethics and smart decision-making questionnaires, whose content validity was confirmed by experts and professors, and their construct validity was confirmed by factor analysis. The reliability of the questionnaires was calculated through Cronbach's alpha as 0.85, 0.93 and 0.95 respectively. Pearson's correlation test and structural equation modeling were used for data analysis, and SPSS and LISREL software were used. Results: The relationship between digital leadership and intellectual ethics, digital leadership and intelligent decision-making, and the relationship between intellectual ethics and smart decision-making were significant. Finally, it was found that intellectual ethics can play a mediating role in the relationship between digital leadership and smart decision making. Conclusion: The results of this study show that educational managers can make smart decisions through the digital leadership style and, of course, considering intellectual ethics, and in this way, take steps in the direction of advancing educational goals and missions

The aim of the study was to investigate the role of school organizational culture on the lean behaviors of elementary school principals by the mediating role of their coaching leadership. The research population was all primary school teachers in Ilam province, from which a sample of 339 teachers was selected using proportional stratified random sampling based on Cochran's formula. This is a quantitative correlational research study through covariance-based structural equation modeling approach. For data collection, Denison's (2000) organizational culture questionnaire; Pilaz Zuborbuhler et al. (2021) coaching leadership questionnaire as well as, the researcher-made questionnaire of lean behaviors of school principals were used. The reliability and validity of the questionnaires were investigated with Cronbach's alpha techniques, content validity ratio, exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. In order to analyze data and test research hypotheses, correlation matrix analysis and structural equation modeling were used with SPSS.v25 and LISREL.v10 software. The results indicated that: 1) the four types of organizational culture (involvement, adaptability, mission and consistency) had a direct, positive and significant effect on the lean behaviors of school principals 2) the four types of organizational culture had an indirect, positive and significant effect on the lean behaviors of school principals through mediating role of their coaching leadership. 3) Four types of organizational culture and coaching leadership of school principals estimated 59% of the variance of their lean behaviors. They were elementary. 4) Among all types of organizational     culture, adaptability culture had the highest effect on principals' lean behaviors

This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the role of digital leadership and technology flexibility in intelligent decision-making with the mediation of intellectual ethics and team reception. The research method is quantitative, descriptive and of the type of correlation studies based on the covariance-oriented structural equation modeling approach. The research population was all the elementary principals of Kermanshah province, of those 320 principals were selected through stratified random sampling based on Cochran's formula. To collect data, researcher-made questionnaires of digital leadership, technological flexibility, intelligent decision-making, intellectual ethics and team reception Soltani (2008) were used. The content validity of the questionnaires was confirmed by experts, supervisors and consultants. The reliability of the questionnaires according to Cronbach's Alpha was 0.94 for digital leadership, 0.91 for technology flexibility, 0.95 for intelligent decision making, 0.93 for intellectual ethics, and 0.89 for team reception.  To analyze the data, the descriptive as well as inferential analysis techniques were used through SPSS and LISREL software. Structural equation modeling showed that digital leadership has a direct effect on team reception, intellectual ethics and intelligent decision making. Moreover, digital leadership has an indirect effect on intelligent decision-making through team reception and intellectual ethics. The flexibility of technology has a direct impact on intellectual ethics, team reception and intelligent decision making. Technology flexibility has an indirect effect on intelligent decision-making through intellectual ethics and team reception. Intellectual ethics has a direct impact on team reception and intelligent decision making. Intellectual ethics has an indirect effect on intelligent decision making through team reception. Team reception has a positive and direct effect on intelligent decision-making. Finally, the research model has a good model fit