فروپاشی ساختارها و ظهور کاریزمای ملی (مقایسه تطبیقی انقلاب مشروطه و انقلاب اسلامی) (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
این مقاله به بررسی فرایند شکل گیری رهبری کاریزماتیک در ایران با تمرکز بر دو مقطع تاریخی پیش از انقلاب مشروطه و پیش از انقلاب اسلامی می پردازد. با استفاده از روش تحلیل تطبیقی تاریخی و رویکرد پیرومحور، تحقیق به تحلیل نقش بحران های اجتماعی، اقتصادی، مشارکت، مشروعیت و ایدئولوژی های فرهنگی در ظهور رهبری کاریزماتیک می پردازد. نتایج نشان می دهد که در حالی که بحران های اقتصادی و مشروعیت به تنهایی برای ظهور رهبری کاریزماتیک کافی نیستند، ترکیب بحران های اجتماعی و اقتصادی با ازجاکندگی نهادی و ایدئولوژی های مبتنی بر فرهنگ سنتی می تواند به شکل گیری رهبری کاریزماتیک منجر شود. مقایسه تطبیقی داده ها از دوره قاجار و پهلوی، تأثیر عمیق تغییرات ساخت اجتماعی و بحران های گسترده بر ظهور رهبری کاریزماتیک را نشان می دهد. این مطالعه به درک بهتر عواملی که به ظهور رهبران کاریزماتیک در شرایط بحرانی منجر می شود، کمک می کند.National Charismatic Leader in Constitutional Revolution versus Islamic Revolution in Iran: A comparison
This study is an attempt to investigate the whyness and howness of the emergence of the charismatic national leader during the Islamic Revolution and the non-emergence of a charismatic national leader in the Constitutional Revolution. To examine this issue, two main approaches to charisma were first proposed and it was then tried to identify the problems of the "leader-oriented" approach and the preference of the "follower-oriented" approach. With the selection of the follower-oriented approach, the explanatory theories of charismatic leadership in this approach were reviewed. In the follower-oriented approach, the attention was assigned to the ambiguity of the effective variables of "crisis" in the acceptance of the leader by the followers; then, the emphasis was placed upon the dimensions, intensity, and extent of this approach (as the variables determining crisis) with the theoretical extension of the concept of crisis. Then, the variable named ideology based on the culture of traditional society was emphasized using Weber’s theories. Moreover, since the concept of charisma has a wide range of meanings, national charisma was here selected as the main concept. For this reason, another independent variable, called "formation of national community" was included in the research model. To respond to the research question, the conditions and social structure existing before the Constitutional Revolution and the Islamic Revolution were examined through a comparative-historical study according to the theoretical model of the research to find out why no charismatic leader appeared in the Constitutional Revolution, but it did in the Islamic Revolution. Considering the theoretical points as well as the empirical results obtained from comparing the social conditions before the Constitutional Revolution with those before the Islamic Revolution, it should be mentioned that a widespread social crisis may lead to the institutional displacement of individuals in society. If the four crises in combination with each other surround the individual and an ideology based on traditional culture is formed, then people will look for a savior and charisma to solve their problems. In such circumstances, if a national community is formed, there is the possibility of the appearance of a charismatic national leader.
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