واکاوی تأثیرات اصلاحات ارضی بر ساختار اجتماعی روستایی (مورد مطالعه: روستای قلعه شیان، استان کرمانشاه) (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
با وقوع اصلاحات ارضی در ایران تغییرات و پیامدهای مختلف اجتماعی و جغرافیایی در روستاهای کشور به وقوع پیوست. این تغییرات باعث بر هم ریختن ساختارهای اجتماعی در منطقه های روستایی شد. کمتر پژوهشی را می توان یافت که محققان در آن با نگاه محلی ساختارهای اجتماعی را بررسی کرده باشند؛ از این رو در پژوهش حاضر سعی شده است اثر های اصلاحات ارضی بر ساختار اجتماعی روستای قلعه شیان در استان کرمانشاه مطالعه شود. برای این منظور از پارادایم کیفی و روش توصیفی-اکتشافی بهره گرفته شد. جامعه مطالعه شده مطلعان و افراد بالای 50 سال سابقه سکونت در روستا بودند که زمین های آنان مشمول قانون اصلاحات ارضی شده بود. این افراد با بهره گیری از نمونه گیری هدفمند بارز انتخاب و سپس داده ها با مصاحبه های عمیق فردی و نیمه ساختارمند جمع آوری شد. در این پژوهش برای تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها از تحلیل محتوا استفاده شد. طبق یافته های پژوهش ساختار اجتماعی روستای قلعه شیان تا قبل از اصلاحات ارضی به صورت طبقه حاکم (مالک، مباشر، کدخدا)، مستقل (میزان دار، کشاورزان مستقل و خوش نشین) و پیرو (میراب، جفتیار، مزور و ورزر) بود که بعد از اصلاحات ارضی، ساختار اجتماعی به صورت زمین دار (زمین داران بزرگ، زمین داران کوچک و آبخورها)، پیرو (کارگران کشاورزی و خوش نشینان) و تحصیلکرده ها (مروجان، معلمان، پزشکان و بهیاران) تغییر پیدا کرد. همچنین، نتایج نشان داد که برخلاف اینکه اصلاحات ارضی از میزان نابرابری های اجتماعی کاسته و تا حدی انتظارات مردم را برآورده کرده است، همچنان مالک، مباشر و کدخدا در بین مردم از منزلت و قدرت اجتماعی برخوردار هستند. با توجه به یافته های این پژوهش به برنامه ریزان و سیاست مداران توصیه می شود در جریان اصلاحات ارضی به عامل جغرافیایی در ساختاربندی اجتماعی توجه جدّی داشته باشند.Analyzing the Effects of Land Reforms on the Rural Social Structure: A Case Study of Shian Village, Kermanshah Province, Iran
:Implementation of land reforms in Iran has brought about significant social and geographical changes in rural villages across the country. These changes have predominantly disrupted the existing social structures in these rural areas. While several studies have been conducted on this subject, few have explored the local perspective and the context-specific nature of these social structures. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the effects of land reforms on the social structure of Qaleh Shian Village in Kermanshah Province. The research adopted a qualitative paradigm and employed a descriptive-exploratory methodology. The study population comprised individuals, who possessed a deep understanding of the village and had resided there for over 50 years, with their lands being subject to land reform laws. These individuals were selected through purposive sampling and data were collected through individual and semi-structured in-depth interviews. Content analysis was conducted for data analysis. The research findings revealed that prior to land reforms, the social structure of Qaleh Shian Village had encompassed a ruling class (consisting of landlords, sharecroppers, and overseers), independents (including landowners, independent farmers, and settlers), and followers (comprising tenant farmers, sharecroppers, day laborers, and migrants). However, after the implementation of land reforms, this classification had undergone changes, resulting in a social structure characterized by landowners (comprising large and small landowners, as well as water rights holders), followers (including agricultural laborers and settlers), and educated individuals (comprising educators, teachers, physicians, and supporters). Furthermore, the results indicated that although land reforms had mitigated social inequalities to some extent and partially fulfilled people's expectations, landlords, sharecroppers, and overseers continued to wield social status and power within the community. Based on these research findings, it is recommended that planners and policymakers give due consideration to the geographical factor in social structuring during land reforms.Keywords: Land Reforms, Social Structure, Qaleh Shian Village, Social Stratification. Introduction:The land reforms implemented in the 1940s have had a profound impact on land ownership and the social structure of rural villages in Iran, significantly influencing the lives of villagers. In rural communities, the ownership and value of land are directly linked, forming the basis of social class structure. Examination of social classes and stratification not only reveals the underlying contradictions within social relations, but also highlights the key factors influencing societal developments. While numerous studies have been conducted in recent decades on various aspects of land reform and its consequences, most have focused on the political and economic dimensions. However, only a limited number of studies have explored the social structure resulting from land reform, which plays a crucial role in societal evolution. Therefore, emphasizing this aspect is of utmost importance. Materials & Methods:This study adopted a qualitative approach with a practical purpose, utilizing a descriptive-analytical research method to investigate the impacts of land reforms on the social structure of Shian District. The participants in this study were community members, who were over 50 years old and had either directly participated in the land reform plan themselves or had their fathers benefit or suffer from the plan, thus having firsthand experience with land reform. Targeted sampling was employed to identify and select these individuals with the assistance of the village headmen and local elders, who provided guidance in identifying suitable interviewees (totaling 32 people). To gather information, in-depth individual interviews and semi-structured conversations were conducted with knowledgeable individuals and elderly farmers from the region. The interviewees were asked to share their insights on the changes in social classes, social power dynamics, and social relationships before and after the implementation of land reforms, which were then graphically represented. After each interview, the recorded materials were meticulously organized and categorized as written text, from which general concepts were extracted. The interviews were conducted over 5 sessions with an average duration of 30 to 45 minutes. Data collection for the researchers concluded when data saturation was reached, which was indicated by the repetition of information. For data analysis, both the graphical representations and transcribed interview texts were examined and analyzed by the researchers. Research Findings:Implementation of agrarian reforms had brought about significant changes and transformations in the structure of rural society. The key catalyst for this transformation was the erosion of social and political power held by the landowners (Maleks). As a result, the class structure had undergone a substantial shift, leading to the emergence of new classes and strata within the rural society. According to the research findings, land reforms had had the effect of expanding the middle class in the district under study. This middle class comprised individuals, who either did not possess agricultural land initially or owned only a small amount, but they had become property owners through land division. Some individuals within this group had acquired additional land due to their favorable relationships with landowners. Additionally, the reconfiguration of the class structure had introduced new groups and classes to the rural society, resulting in a complete overhaul of the previous social order. The educated classes previously employed by the government had begun serving in rural areas as part of knowledge and welfare initiatives following land reforms. Their contributions to improving the well-being of villagers had earned them considerable respect and popularity within the community. Discussion of Results & Conclusion:The rural peasants and simple farmers in Shian District, who relied solely on their labor before agrarian reforms, lacked expertise, capital, cultivation tools, and decision-making power. They constituted the majority of the rural population and belonged to a distinct class separate from the wealthy landowners. This class distinction had inherently led to social inequalities. Analyzing the agrarian reform program through Max Weber's perspective, which considers wealth, power, image, and social status as drivers of class conflict, revealed that land division and ownership among the farmers had improved the image and social standing of the villagers. Therefore, it could be argued that land reforms had mitigated social inequalities and reduced class conflicts in the village.Prior to land reforms, the social structure of the village had been based on traditional modes of production where cooperative farming practices had intertwined with the social and cultural aspects of the villagers' lives. These cooperative and traditional partnerships had deeply rooted in rural community customs, fostered social cohesion, and strengthened cooperation and camaraderie among the villagers. However, implementation of agrarian reforms had disrupted this structure, leading to a decline in social cohesion and a reduction in the level of intimacy, empathy, and cooperation within the society.According to the research findings, the majority of farmers perceived the implementation of agrarian reforms as necessary and viewed it positively, despite acknowledging some shortcomings in the program's execution and management. The positive effects of the reforms could not be disregarded. However, it is important to note that the impact of the program might vary across different locations, depending on environmental conditions, which could yield different outcomes and consequences. As a solution to address these inequalities, the transfer of private property and means of production from individuals to society, along with fair income distribution free from discrimination, could help equalize the situation for everyone.Therefore, it is recommended that planners and policymakers of rural development programs take into account the environmental conditions and regional capacities when designing and implementing such programs. Practical and tailored initiatives should be developed accordingly.
تبلیغات
